Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 Nucleases

ABSTRACT

Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity and their use in genomic engineering, epigenomic engineering, genome targeting, and genome editing.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/015,947, filed Feb. 4, 2016, which claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Patent Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/211,553, filed on Aug. 28, 2015; 62/216,033, filed on Sep. 9, 2015; and 62/258,280, filed on Nov. 20, 2015. The entire contents of the foregoing are hereby incorporated by reference.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Nos. DP1 GM105378 and R01 GM088040 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 4, 2016, is named 29539-0189001_SL.txt and is 129,880 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates, at least in part, to engineered Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) nucleases with altered and improved target specificity and their use in genomic engineering, epigenomic engineering, genome targeting, genome editing, and in vitro diagnostics.

BACKGROUND

CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases enable efficient genome editing in a wide variety of organisms and cell types (Sander & Joung, Nat Biotechnol 32, 347-355 (2014); Hsu et al., Cell 157, 1262-1278 (2014); Doudna & Charpentier, Science 346, 1258096 (2014); Barrangou & May, Expert Opin Biol Ther 15, 311-314 (2015)). Target site recognition by Cas9 is programmed by a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA) that encodes a sequence complementary to a target protospacer (Jinek et al., Science 337, 816-821 (2012)), but also requires recognition of a short neighboring PAM (Mojica et al., Microbiology 155, 733-740 (2009); Shah et al., RNA Biol 10, 891-899 (2013); Jiang et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 233-239 (2013); Jinek et al., Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Sternberg et al., Nature 507, 62-67 (2014)).

SUMMARY

As described herein, Cas9 Proteins can be engineered to show increased specificity, theoretically by reducing the binding affinity of Cas9 for DNA. Thus, described herein are a number of Cas9 variants that have increased specificity (i.e., induce substantially fewer off target effects) as compared to the wild type protein, as well as methods of using them.

In a first aspect, the invention provides isolated Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) proteins with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, six or all seven of the following positions: L169A, Y450, N497, R661, Q695, Q926, and/or D1135E e.g., comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the following positions: L169, Y450, N497, R661, Q695, Q926, D1135E, and optionally one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag. A mutation alters the amino acid to an amino acid other than the native amino acid (e.g., 497 is anything but N). In preferred embodiments the mutation changes the amino acid to any amino acid other than the native one, arginine or lysine; in some embodiments, the amino acid is alanine.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise one, two, three, or all four of the following mutations: N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise mutations at Q695 and/or Q926, and optionally one, two, three, four or all five of L169, Y450, N497, R661 and D1135E e.g., including but not limited to Y450A/Q695A, L169A/Q695A, Q695A/Q926A, Q695A/D1135E, Q926A/D1135E, Y450A/D1135E, L169A/Y450A/Q695A, L169A/Q695A/Q926A, Y450A/Q695A/Q926A, R661A/Q695A/Q926A, N497A/Q695A/Q926A, Y450A/Q695A/D1135E, Y450A/Q926A/D1135E, Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, L169A/Y450A/Q695A/Q926A, L169A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A, Y450A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A, N497A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, R661A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, and Y450A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise mutations at R63; R78; H160; K163; R165; L169; R403; N407; Y450; M495; N497; K510; Y515; W659; R661; M694; Q695; H698; A728; Q926; K1107; E1108; S1109; K1113; R1114; S1116; K1118; D1135; S1136; K1153; K1155; K1158; K1200; Q1221; K1289; R1298; K1300; K1325; K1334; T1337 and/or S1216.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins also comprise one or more of the following mutations: R63A; R78A; R165A; R403A; N407A; N497A; Y450A; K510A; Y515A; R661A; Q695A; Q926A; K1107A; E1108A; S1109A; K1113A; R1114A; S1116A; K1118A; D1135A; S1136A; K1153A; K1155A; K1158A; K1200A; Q1221A; K1289A; R1298A; K1300A; K1325A; K1334A; T1337A and/or S1216A. In some embodiments, variant SpCas9 proteins comprise one or more of the following additional mutations: R63A, R66A, R69A, R70A, R71A, Y72A, R74A, R75A, K76A, N77A, R78A, R115A, H160A, K163A, R165A, L169A, R403A, T404A, F405A, N407A, R447A, N497A, 1448A, Y450A, S460A, M495A, K510A, Y515A, R661A, M694A, Q695A, H698A, Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A, K1123A, K1124A, K1158A, K1185A, K1200A, S1216A, Q1221A, K1289A, R1298A, K1300A, K1325A, R1333A, K1334A, R1335A, and T1337A.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise multiple substitution mutations: N497/R661/Q695/Q926 (quadruple variant mutants); Q695/Q926 (double mutant); R661/Q695/Q926 and N497/Q695/Q926 (triple mutants). In some embodiments, the additional substitution mutations at L169, Y450 and/or D1135 might be added to these double-, triple, and quadruple mutants or added to single mutants bearing substitutions at Q695 or Q926. In some embodiments, the mutants have alanine in place of the wild type amino acid. In some embodiments, the mutants have any amino acid other than arginine or lysine (or the native amino acid).

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins also comprise one or more mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the group consisting of mutations at D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986; and at H840 or N863.

In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D10N, and (ii) H840A, H840N, or H840Y.

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants can also include one of the following sets of mutations: D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R (VQR variant); D1135E/R1335Q/T1337R (EQR variant); D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R (VRQR variant); or D1135V/G1218R/R1335E/T1337R (VRER variant).

Also provided herein are isolated Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) protein, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, or six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, R654, e.g., comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 with mutations at one, two, three, four, or five, or six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, R654, and optionally one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 variants described herein include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, or all six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, and/or R654. The isolated protein of claim 8, comprising one or more of the following mutations: Y211A, W229, R245A, T392A, N419A, and/or R654A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise mutations at N419 and/or R654, and optionally one, two, three or four of the additional mutations Y211, W229, R245 and T392, e.g., including but not limited to N419A/R654A, Y211A/R654A, W229A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/N419A, Y211A/N419A/R654A, R245A/N419A/R654A, T392A/N419A/R654A, R245A/T392A/N419A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/N419A/R654A, W229A/R245A/N419A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/T392A/N419A/R654A, and Y211A/W229A/R245A/N419A/R654A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise mutations at Y211; W229; Y230; R245; T392; N419; L446; Y651; R654; D786; T787; Y789; T882; K886; N888; 889; L909; N985; N986; R991; R1015; N44; R45; R51; R55; R59; R60; R116; R165; N169; R208; R209; Y211; T238; Y239; K248; Y256; R314; N394; Q414; K57; R61; H111; K114; V164; R165; L788; 5790; R792; N804; Y868; K870; K878; K879; K881; Y897; R901; and/or K906.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of the following mutations: Y211A; W229A; Y230A; R245A; T392A; N419A; L446A; Y651A; R654A; D786A; T787A; Y789A; T882A; K886A; N888A; A889A; L909A; N985A; N986A; R991A; R1015A; N44A; R45A; R51A; R55A; R59A; R60A; R116A; R165A; N169A; R208A; R209A; T238A; Y239A; K248A; Y256A; R314A; N394A; Q414A; K57A; R61A; H111A; K114A; V164A; R165A; L788A; S790A; R792A; N804A; Y868A; K870A; K878A; K879A; K881A; Y897A; R901A; K906A.

In some embodiments, variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of the following additional mutations: Y211A, W229A, Y230A, R245A, T392A, N419A, L446A, Y651A, R654A, D786A, T787A, Y789A, T882A, K886A, N888A, A889A, L909A, N985A, N986A, R991A, R1015A, N44A, R45A, R51A, R55A, R59A, R60A, R116A, R165A, N169A, R208A, R209A, T238A, Y239A, K248A, Y256A, R314A, N394A, Q414A, K57A, R61A, H111A, K114A, V164A, R165A, L788A, S790A, R792A, N804A, Y868A, K870A, K878A, K879A, K881A, Y897A, R901A, K906A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise multiple substitution mutations: R245/T392/N419/R654 and Y221/R245/N419/R654 (quadruple variant mutants); N419/R654, R245/R654, Y221/R654, and Y221/N419 (double mutants); R245/N419/R654, Y211/N419/R654, and T392/N419/R654 (triple mutants). In some embodiments the mutants contain alanine in place of the wild type amino acid.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one or more mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the group consisting of mutations at D10, E477, D556, H701, or D704; and at H557 or N580. In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D10N, (ii) H557A, H557N, or H557Y, (iii) N580A, and/or (iv) D556A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of the following mutations: E782K, K929R, N968K, or R1015H. Specifically, E782K/N968K/R1015H (KKH variant); E782K/K929R/R1015H (KRH variant); or E782K/K929R/N968K/R1015H (KRKH variant).

In some embodiments, the variant Cas9 proteins include mutations to one or more of the following regions to increase specificity:

Functional Region SpCas9 SaCas9 Residues contacting L169; Y450; M495; Y211; W229; Y230; the DNA of the N497; W659; R661; R245; T392; N419; spacer region M694; Q695; H698; L446; Y651; R654 A728; Q926; E1108; V1015 Residues contacting R71; Y72; R78; R165; D786; T787; Y789; the DNA of the R403; T404; F405; T882; K886; N888; PAM region K1107; S1109; R1114; A889; L909; N985; (including direct S1116; K1118; D1135; N986; R991; R1015 PAM contacts) S1136; K1200; S1216; E1219; R1333; R1335; T1337 Residues contacting Y72; R75; K76; L101; N44; R45; R51; R55; the RNA of the S104; F105; R115; R59; R60; R116; R165; spacer region H116; I135; H160; N169; R208; R209; K163; Y325; H328; Y211; T238; Y239; R340; F351; D364; K248; Y256; R314; Q402; R403; I1110; N394; Q414 K1113; R1122; Y1131 Residues contacting R63; R66; R70; R71; K57; R61; H111; the RNA of the R74; R78; R403; K114; V164; R165; repeat/anti- T404; N407; R447; L788; S790; R792; repeat region I448; Y450; K510; N804; Y868; K870; Y515; R661; V1009; K878; K879; K881; Y1013 Y897; R901; K906 Residues contacting K30; K33; N46; R40; R47; K50; R54; R58; the RNA stem loops K44; E57; T62; R69; H62; R209; E213; S219; N77; L455; S460; R452; K459; R774; R467; T472; I473; N780; R781; L783 H721; K742; K1097; V1100; T1102; F1105; K1123; K1124; E1225; Q1272; H1349; S1351; Y1356

Also provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the isolated variant Cas9 proteins described herein fused to a heterologous functional domain, with an optional intervening linker, wherein the linker does not interfere with activity of the fusion protein. In preferred embodiments, the heterologous functional domain acts on DNA or protein, e.g., on chromatin. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptional activation domain. In some embodiments, the transcriptional activation domain is from VP64 or NF-κB p65. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptional silencer or transcriptional repression domain. In some embodiments, the transcriptional repression domain is a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, ERF repressor domain (ERD), or mSin3A interaction domain (SID). In some embodiments, the transcriptional silencer is Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1), e.g., HP1α or HP1β. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is an enzyme that modifies the methylation state of DNA. In some embodiments, the enzyme that modifies the methylation state of DNA is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or the entirety or the dioxygenase domain of a TET protein, e.g., a catalytic module comprising the cysteine-rich extension and the 2OGFeDO domain encoded by 7 highly conserved exons, e.g., the Tett catalytic domain comprising amino acids 1580-2052, Tet2 comprising amino acids 1290-1905 and Tet3 comprising amino acids 966-1678. In some embodiments, the TET protein or TET-derived dioxygenase domain is from TET1. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is an enzyme that modifies a histone subunit. In some embodiments, the enzyme that modifies a histone subunit is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT), or histone demethylase. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a biological tether. In some embodiments, the biological tether is MS2, Csy4 or lambda N protein. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is FokI.

Also provided herein are nucleic acids, isolated nucleic acids encoding the variant Cas9 proteins described herein, as well as vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acids, optionally operably linked to one or more regulatory domains for expressing the variant Cas9 proteins described herein. Also provided herein are host cells, e.g., bacterial, yeast, insect, or mammalian host cells or transgenic animals (e.g., mice), comprising the nucleic acids described herein, and optionally expressing the variant Cas9 proteins described herein.

Also provided herein are methods of altering the genome of a cell, by expressing in the cell isolated variant Cas9 proteins as described herein, and at least one guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the genome of the cell with optimal nucleotide spacing at the genomic target site.

Also provided herein are methods of altering the genome of a cell, by expressing in the cell an isolated variant Cas9 protein described herein, and a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the genome of the cell with optimal nucleotide spacing at the genomic target site.

Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acids encoding the Cas9variants, as well as vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acids, optionally operably linked to one or more regulatory domains for expressing the variants, and host cells, e.g., mammalian host cells, comprising the nucleic acids, and optionally expressing the variant proteins.

Also provided herein are methods for altering, e.g., selectively altering, the genome of a cell by contacting the cell with, or expressing in the cell, a variant protein as described herein, and a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the genome of the cell. In some embodiments, the isolated protein or fusion protein comprises one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIGS. 1A-E|Identification and characterization of SpCas9 variants bearing mutations in residues that form non-specific DNA contacts. a, Schematic depicting wild-type SpCas9 recognition of the target DNA:sgRNA duplex, based on PDB 4OOG and 4UN3 (adapted from refs. 31 and 32, respectively). b, Characterization of SpCas9 variants that contain alanine substitutions in positions that form hydrogen bonds to the DNA backbone. Wild-type SpCas9 and variants were assessed using the human cell EGFP disruption assay when programmed with a perfectly matched sgRNA or four other sgRNAs that encode mismatches to the target site. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss represented by red dashed line (for this panel and panel c). c and d, On-target activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 across 24 sites assessed by EGFP disruption assay (panel c) and 13 endogenous sites by T7E1 assay (panel d). Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. e, Ratio of on-target activity of SpCas9-HF1 to wild-type SpCas9 (from panels c and d). The median and in

FIG. 2A-C|Genome-wide specificities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with sgRNAs for standard target sites. a, Off-target sites of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with eight sgRNAs targeted to endogenous human genes, as determined by GUIDE-seq. Read counts represent a measure of cleavage frequency at a given site; mismatched positions within the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color. b, Summary of the total number of genome-wide off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq for wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 from the eight sgRNAs used in panel a. c, Off-target sites identified for wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 for the eight sgRNAs, binned according to the total number of mismatches (within the protospacer and PAM) relative to the on-target site.

FIG. 3A-C|Validation of SpCas9-HF1 specificity improvements by targeted deep sequencing of off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq. a, Mean on-target percent modification determined by deep sequencing for wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with six sgRNAs from FIG. 2. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. b, Percentage of deep sequenced on-target sites and GUIDE-seq detected off-target sites that contain indel mutations. Triplicate experiments are plotted for wild-type SpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, and control conditions. Filled circles below the x-axis represent replicates for which no insertion or deletion mutations were observed. Off-target sites that could not be amplified by PCR are shown in red text with an asterisk. Hypothesis testing using a one-sided Fisher exact test with pooled read counts found significant differences (p<0.05 after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method) for comparisons between SpCas9-HF1 and the control condition only at EMX1-1 off-target 1 and FANCF-3 off-target 1. Significant differences were also found between wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 at all off-target sites, and between wild-type SpCas9 and the control condition at all off-target sites except RUNX1-1 off-target 2. c, Scatter plot of the correlation between GUIDE-seq read counts (from FIG. 2a ) and mean percent modification determined by deep sequencing at on- and off-target cleavage sites with wild-type SpCas9.

FIG. 4A-C|Genome-wide specificities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with sgRNAs for non-standard, repetitive sites. a, GUIDE-seq specificity profiles of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 using two sgRNAs known to cleave large numbers of off-target sites4,8. GUIDE-seq read counts represent a measure of cleavage efficiency at a given site; mismatched positions within the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color; red circles indicate sites likely to have the indicated bulge12 at the sgRNA-DNA interface; blue circles indicate sites that may have an alternative gapped alignment relative to the one shown (see FIG. 8). b, Summary of the total number of genome-wide off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq for wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 from the two sgRNAs used in panel a. c, Off-target sites identified with wild-type SpCas9 or SpCas9-HF1 for VEGFA sites 2 and 3, binned according to the total number of mismatches (within the protospacer and PAM) relative to the on-target site. Off-target sites marked with red circles in panel a are not included in these counts; sites marked with blue circles in panel a are counted with the number of mismatches in the non-gapped alignment.

FIG. 5A-D|Activities of SpCas9-HF1 derivatives bearing additional substitutions. a, Human cell EGFP disruption activities of wild-type SpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, and SpCas9-HF1-derivative variants with eight sgRNAs. SpCas9-HF1 harbors N497A, R661A, Q695, and Q926A mutations; HF2=HF1+D1135E; HF3=HF1+L169A; HF4=HF1+Y450A. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss represented by the red dashed line. b, Summary of the on-target activity when using SpCas9-HF variants compared to wild-type SpCas9 with the eight sgRNAs from panel a. The median and interquartile range are shown; the interval showing >70% of wild-type activity is highlighted in green. c, Mean percent modification by SpCas9 and HF variants at the FANCF site 2 and VEGFA site 3 on-target sites, as well as off-target sites from FIGS. 2a and 4a resistant to the effects of SpCas9-HF1. Percent modification determined by T7E1 assay; background indel percentages were subtracted for all experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. d, Specificity ratios of wild-type SpCas9 and HF variants with the FANCF site 2 or VEGFA site 3 sgRNAs, plotted as the ratio of on-target to off-target activity (from panel c).

FIG. 6A-B|SpCas9 interaction with the sgRNA and target DNA. a, Schematic illustrating the SpCas9:sgRNA complex, with base pairing between the sgRNA and target DNA. b, Structural representation of the SpCas9:sgRNA complex bound to the target DNA, from PDB: 4UN3 (ref 32). The four residues that form hydrogen bond contacts to the target-strand DNA backbone are highlighted in blue; the HNH domain is hidden for visualization purposes.

FIG. 7A-D|On-target activity comparisons of wild-type and SpCas9-HF1 with various sgRNAs used for GUIDE-seq experiments. a and c, Mean GUIDE-seq tag integration at the intended on-target site for GUIDE-seq experiments shown in FIGS. 2a and 4a (panels a and c, respectively), quantified by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. b and d, Mean percent modification at the intended on-target site for GUIDE-seq experiments shown in FIGS. 2a and 4a (panels b and d, respectively), detected by T7E1 assay. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3.

FIG. 8|Potential alternate alignments for VEGFA site 2 off-target sites. Ten VEGFA site 2 off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq (left) that may potentially be recognized as off-target sites that contain single nucleotide gaps (ref 12) (right), aligned using Geneious (ref 45) version 8.1.6.

FIG. 9|Activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with truncated sgRNAs14. EGFP disruption activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 using full-length or truncated sgRNAs targeted to four sites in EGFP. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss in control experiments is represented by the red dashed line

FIG. 10|Wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 activities with sgRNAs bearing 5′-mismatched guanine bases. EGFP disruption activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with sgRNAs targeted to four different sites. For each target site, sgRNAs either contain the matched non-guanine 5′-base or a 5′-guanine that is intentionally mismatched.

FIG. 11|Titrating the amount of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 expression plasmids. Human cell EGFP disruption activities from transfections with varying amounts of wild-type and SpCas9-HF1 expression plasmids. For all transfections, the amount of sgRNA-containing plasmid was fixed at 250 ng. Two sgRNAs targeting separate sites were used; Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss in negative controls is represented by the red dashed line.

FIG. 12A-D|Altering the PAM recognition specificity of SpCas9-HF1. a, Comparison of the mean percent modification of on-target endogenous human sites by SpCas9-VQR (ref 15) and an improved SpCas9-VRQR using 8 sgRNAs, quantified by T7E1 assay. Both variants are engineered to recognize an NGAN PAM. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=2 or 3. b, On-target EGFP disruption activities of SpCas9-VQR and SpCas9-VRQR compared to their -HF1 counterparts using eight sgRNAs. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss in negative controls represented by the red dashed line. c, Comparison of the mean on-target percent modification by SpCas9-VQR and SpCas9-VRQR compared to their -HF1 variants at eight endogenous human gene sites, quantified by T7E1 assay. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; ND, not detectable. d, Summary of the fold-change in on-target activity when using SpCas9-VQR or SpCas9-VRQR compared to their corresponding -HF1 variants (from panels b and c). The median and interquartile range are shown; the interval showing >70% of wild-type activity is highlighted in green.

FIGS. 13A-B|Genome-wide specificities of SpCas9-HF1, -HF2, and -HF4 with sgRNAs that have off-target sites resistant to the effects of SpCas9-HF1. a, Mean GUIDE-seq tag integration at the intended on-target site for GUIDE-seq experiments in panel b. SpCas9-HF1=N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A; HF2=HF1+D1135E; HF4=HF1+Y450A. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. b, GUIDE-seq identified off-target sites of SpCas9-HF1, -HF2, or -HF4 with either the FANCF site 2 or VEGFA site 3 sgRNAs. Read counts represent a measure of cleavage frequency at a given site; mismatched positions within the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color. The fold-improvement in off-target discrimination was calculated by normalizing the off-target read counts for an SpCas9-HF variant to the read counts at the on-target site prior to comparison between SpCas9-HF variants.

FIG. 14|Structural comparison of SpCas9 (top) and SaCas9 (bottom) illustrating the similarity between the positions of the mutations in the quadruple mutant constructs (shown in yellow sphere representation). Also, shown in pink sphere representation are other residues that contact the DNA backbone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A limitation of the CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases is their potential to induce undesired off-target mutations (see, for example, Tsai et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2015), in some cases with frequencies rivaling those observed at the intended on-target site (Fu et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2013). Previous work with CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases has suggested that reducing the number of sequence-specific interactions between the guide RNA (gRNA) and the spacer region of a target site can reduce mutagenic effects at off-target sites of cleavage in human cells (Fu et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2014).

This was earlier accomplished by truncating gRNAs at their 5′ ends by 2 or 3 nts and it was hypothesized that the mechanism of this increased specificity was a decrease in the interaction energy of the gRNA/Cas9 complex so that it was poised with just enough energy to cleave the on-target site, making it less likely to have enough energy to cleave off-target sites where there would presumably be an energetic penalty due to mismatches in the target DNA site (WO2015/099850).

It was hypothesized that off-target effects of SpCas9 might be minimized by decreasing non-specific interactions with its target DNA site. SpCas9-sgRNA complexes cleave target sites composed of an NGG PAM sequence (recognized by SpCas9) (Deltcheva, E. et al. Nature 471, 602-607 (2011); Jinek, M. et al. Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Jiang, W., et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 233-239 (2013); Sternberg, S. H., et al., Nature 507, 62-67 (2014)) and an adjacent 20 bp protospacer sequence (which is complementary to the 5′ end of the sgRNA) (Jinek, M. et al. Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Jinek, M. et al. Elife 2, e00471 (2013); Mali, P. et al., Science 339, 823-826 (2013); Cong, L. et al., Science 339, 819-823 (2013)). It was previously theorized that the SpCas9-sgRNA complex may possess more energy than is needed for recognizing its intended target DNA site, thereby enabling cleavage of mismatched off-target sites (Fu, Y., et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)). One can envision that this property might be advantageous for the intended role of Cas9 in adaptive bacterial immunity, giving it the capability to cleave foreign sequences that may become mutated. This excess energy model is also supported by previous studies demonstrating that off-target effects can be reduced (but not eliminated) by decreasing SpCas9 concentration (Hsu, P. D. et al. Nat Biotechnol 31, 827-832 (2013); Pattanayak, V. et al. Nat Biotechnol 31, 839-843 (2013)) or by reducing the complementarity length of the sgRNA (Fu, Y., et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014), although other interpretations for this effect have also been proposed (Josephs, E. A. et al. Nucleic Acids Res 43, 8924-8941 (2015); Sternberg, S. H., et al. Nature 527, 110-113 (2015); Kiani, S. et al. Nat Methods 12, 1051-1054 (2015))). Structural data suggests that the SpCas9-sgRNA-target DNA complex may be stabilized by several SpCas9-mediated DNA contacts, including direct hydrogen bonds made by four SpCas9 residues (N497, R661, Q695, Q926) to the phosphate backbone of the target DNA strand (Nishimasu, H. et al. Cell 156, 935-949 (2014); Anders, C., et al. Nature 513, 569-573 (2014)) (FIG. 1a and FIGS. 6a and 6b ). The present inventors envisioned that disruption of one or more of these contacts might energetically poise the SpCas9-sgRNA complex at a level just sufficient to retain robust on-target activity but with a diminished ability to cleave mismatched off-target sites.

As described herein, Cas9 proteins can be engineered to show increased specificity, theoretically by reducing the binding affinity of Cas9 for DNA. Several variants of the widely used Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) were engineered by introducing individual alanine substitutions into various residues in SpCas9 that might be expected to interact with phosphates on the DNA backbone using structural information, bacterial selection-based directed evolution, and combinatorial design. The variants were further tested for cellular activity using a robust E. coli-based screening assay to assess the cellular activities of these variants; in this bacterial system, cell survival depended on cleavage and subsequent destruction of a selection plasmid containing a gene for the toxic gyrase poison ccdB and a 23 base pair sequence targeted by a gRNA and SpCas9, and led to identification of residues that were associated with retained or lost activity. In addition, another SpCas9 variant was identified and characterized, which exhibited improved target specificity in human cells.

Furthermore, activities of single alanine substitution mutants of SpCas9 as assessed in the bacterial cell-based system indicated that survival percentages between 50-100% usually indicated robust cleavage, whereas 0% survival indicated that the enzyme had been functionally compromised. Additional mutations of SpCas9 were then assayed in bacteria to include: R63A, R66A, R69A, R70A, R71A, Y72A, R74A, R75A, K76A, N77A, R78A, R115A, H160A, K163A, R165A, L169A, R403A, T404A, F405A, N407A, R447A, N497A, I448A, Y450A, S460A, M495A, K510A, Y515A, R661A, M694A, Q695A, H698A, Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A, K1123A, K1124A, K1158A, K1185A, K1200A, S1216A, Q1221A, K1289A, R1298A, K1300A, K1325A, R1333A, K1334A, R1335A, and T1337A. With the exception of 2 mutants (R69A and F405A) that had <5% survival in bacteria, all of these additional single mutations appeared to have little effect on the on-target activity of SpCas9 (>70% survival in the bacterial screen).

To further determine whether the variants of Cas9 identified in the bacterial screen functioned efficiently in human cells, various alanine substitution Cas9 mutants were tested using a human U2OS cell-based EGFP-disruption assay. In this assay, successful cleavage of a target site in the coding sequence of a single integrated, constitutively expressed EGFP gene led to the induction of indel mutations and disruption of EGFP activity, which was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry (see, for example, Reyon et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2012 May; 30(5):460-5).

These experiments show that the results obtained in the bacterial cell-based assay correlate well with nuclease activities in human cells, suggesting that these engineering strategies could be extended to Cas9s from other species and different cells. Thus these findings provide support for SpCas9 and SaCas9 variants, referred to collectively herein as “variants” or “the variants”.

All of the variants described herein can be rapidly incorporated into existing and widely used vectors, e.g., by simple site-directed mutagenesis, and because they require only a small number of mutations, the variants should also work with other previously described improvements to the SpCas9 platform (e.g., truncated sgRNAs (Tsai et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015); Fu et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)), nickase mutations (Mali et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 833-838 (2013); Ran et al., Cell 154, 1380-1389 (2013)), FokI-dCas9 fusions (Guilinger et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 577-582 (2014); Tsai et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 569-576 (2014); WO2014144288); and engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities (Kleinstiver et al., Nature. 2015 Jul. 23; 523(7561):481-5).

Thus, provided herein are Cas9 variants, including SpCas9 variants. The SpCas9 wild type sequence is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1)         10         20         30         40 MDKKYSIGLD IGTNSVGWAV ITDEYKVPSK KFKVLGNTDR         50         60         70         80 HSIKKNLIGA LLFDSGETAE ATRLKRTARR RYTRRKNRIC         90        100        110        120 YLQEIFSNEM AKVDDSFFHR LEESFLVEED KKHERHPIFG        130        140        150        160 NIVDEVAYHE KYPTIYHLRK KLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAH        170        180        190        200 MIKFRGHFLI EGDLNPDNSD VDKLFIQLVQ TYNQLFEENP        210        220        230        240 INASGVDAKA ILSARLSKSR RLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGN        250        260        270        280 LIALSLGLTP NFKSNFDLAE DAKLQLSKDT YDDDLDNLLA        290        300        310        320 QIGDQYADLF LAAKNLSDAI LLSDILRVNT EITKAPLSAS        330        340        350        360 MIKRYDEHHQ DLTLLKALVR QQLPEKYKEI FFDQSKNGYA        370        380        390        400 GYIDGGASQE EFYKFIKPIL EKMDGTEELL VKLNREDLLR        410        420        430        440 KQRTFDNGSI PHQIHLGELH AILRRQEDFY PFLKDNREKI        450        460        470        480 EKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNS RFAWMTRKSE ETITPWNFEE        490        500        510        520 VVDKGASAQS FIERMTNFDK NLPNEKVLPK HSLLYEYFTV        530        540        550        560 YNELTKVKYV TEGMRKPAFL SGEQKKAIVD LLFKTNRKVT        570        580        590        600 VKQLKEDYFK KIECFDSVEI SGVEDRFNAS LGTYHDLLKI        610        620        630        640 IKDKDFLDNE ENEDILEDIV LTLTLFEDRE MIEERLKTYA        650        660        670        680 HLFDDKVMKQ LKRRRYTGWG RLSRKLINGI RDKQSGKTIL        690        700        710        720 DFLKSDGFAN RNFMQLIHDD SLTFKEDIQK AQVSGQGDSL        730        740        750        760 HEHIANLAGS PAIKKGILQT VKVVDELVKV MGRHKPENIV        770        780        790        800 IEMARENQTT QKGQKNSRER MKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHP        810        820        830        840 VENTQLQNEK LYLYYLQNGR DMYVDQELDI NRLSDYDVDH        850        860        870        880 IVPQSFLKDD SIDNKVLTRS DKNRGKSDNV PSEEVVKKMK        890        900        910        920 NYWRQLLNAK LITQRKFDNL TKAERGGLSE LDKAGFIKRQ        930        940        950        960 LVETRQITKH VAQILDSRMN TKYDENDKLI REVKVITLKS        970        980        990       1000 KLVSDFRKDF QFYKVREINN YHHAHDAYLN AVVGTALIKK       1010       1020       1030       1040 YPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRK MIAKSEQEIG KATAKYFFYS       1050       1060       1070       1080 NIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETG EIVWDKGRDF       1090       1100       1110       1120 ATVRKVLSMP QVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESI LPKRNSDKLI       1130       1140       1150       1160 ARKKDWDPKK YGGFDSPTVA YSVLVVAKVE KGKSKKLKSV       1170       1180       1190       1200 KELLGITIME RSSFEKNPID FLEAKGYKEV KKDLIIKLPK       1210       1220       1230       1240 YSLFELENGR KRMLASAGEL QKGNELALPS KYVNFLYLAS       1250       1260       1270       1280 HYEKLKGSPE DNEQKQLFVE QHKHYLDEII EQISEFSKRV       1290       1300       1310       1320 ILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDK PIREQAENII HLFTLTNLGA       1330       1340       1350       1360 PAAFKYFDTT IDRKRYTSTK EVLDATLIHQ SITGLYETRI DLSQLGGD

The SpCas9 variants described herein can include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, with mutations (i.e., replacement of the native amino acid with a different amino acid, e.g., alanine, glycine, or serine), at one or more of the following positions: N497, R661, Q695, Q926 (or at positions analogous thereto). In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants are at least 80%, e.g., at least 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, e.g., have differences at up to 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of the residues of SEQ ID NO:1 replaced, e.g., with conservative mutations, in addition to the mutations described herein. In preferred embodiments, the variant retains desired activity of the parent, e.g., the nuclease activity (except where the parent is a nickase or a dead Cas9), and/or the ability to interact with a guide RNA and target DNA).

To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). The length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 80% of the length of the reference sequence, and in some embodiments is at least 90% or 100%. The nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Percent identity between two polypeptides or nucleic acid sequences is determined in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as Smith Waterman Alignment (Smith, T. F. and M. S. Waterman (1981) J Mol Biol 147:195-7); “BestFit” (Smith and Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics, 482-489 (1981)) as incorporated into GeneMatcher Plus™, Schwarz and Dayhof (1979) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Dayhof, M. O., Ed, pp 353-358; BLAST program (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; (Altschul, S. F., W. Gish, et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10), BLAST-2, BLAST-P, BLAST-N, BLAST-X, WU-BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2, CLUSTAL, or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. In addition, those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the length of the sequences being compared. In general, for proteins or nucleic acids, the length of comparison can be any length, up to and including full length (e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%). For purposes of the present compositions and methods, at least 80% of the full length of the sequence is aligned.

For purposes of the present invention, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine.

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants include one of the following sets of mutations: N497A/R661A/Q695/Q926A (quadruple alanine mutant); Q695A/Q926A (double alanine mutant); R661A/Q695A/Q926A and N497A/Q695A/Q926A (triple alanine mutants). In some embodiments, the additional substitution mutations at L169 and/or Y450 might be added to these double-, triple, and quadruple mutants or added to single mutants bearing substitutions at Q695 or Q926. In some embodiments, the mutants have alanine in place of the wild type amino acid. In some embodiments, the mutants have any amino acid other than arginine or lysine (or the native amino acid).

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants also include one of the following mutations, which reduce or destroy the nuclease activity of the Cas9: D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986 and H840 or N863, e.g., D10A/D10N and H840A/H840N/H840Y, to render the nuclease portion of the protein catalytically inactive; substitutions at these positions could be alanine (as they are in Nishimasu al., Cell 156, 935-949 (2014)), or other residues, e.g., glutamine, asparagine, tyrosine, serine, or aspartate, e.g., E762Q, H983N, H983Y, D986N, N863D, N863S, or N863H (see WO 2014/152432). In some embodiments, the variant includes mutations at D10A or H840A (which creates a single-strand nickase), or mutations at D10A and H840A (which abrogates nuclease activity; this mutant is known as dead Cas9 or dCas9).

The SpCas9 N497A/R661A/Q695A/R926A mutations have analogous residues in Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9); see FIG. 14. Mutations to the residues contacting the DNA or RNA backbone are expected to increase the specificity of SaCas9 as we've observed for SpCas9. Thus, also provided herein are SaCas9 variants. The SaCas9 wild type sequence is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 2)         10         20         30         40 MKRNYILGLD IGITSVGYGI IDYETRDVID AGVRLFKEAN         50         60         70         80 VENNEGRRSK RGARRLKRRR RHRIQRVKKL LFDYNLLTDH         90        100        110        120 SELSGINPYE ARVKGLSQKL SEEEFSAALL HLAKRRGVHN        130        140        150        160 VNEVEEDTGN ELSTKEQISR NSKALEEKYV AELQLERLKK        170        180        190        200 DGEVRGSINR FKTSDYVKEA KQLLKVQKAY HQLDQSFIDT        210        220        230        240 YIDLLETRRT YYEGPGEGSP FGWKDIKEWY EMLMGHCTYF        250        260        270        280 PEELRSVKYA YNADLYNALN DLNNLVITRD ENEKLEYYEK        290        300        310        320 FQIIENVFKQ KKKPTLKQIA KEILVNEEDI KGYRVTSTGK        330        340        350        360 PEFTNLKVYH DIKDITARKE IIENAELLDQ IAKILTIYQS        370        380        390        400 SEDIQEELTN LNSELTQEEI EQISNLKGYT GTHNLSLKAI        410        420        430        440 NLILDELWHT NDNQIAIFNR LKLVPKKVDL SQQKEIPTTL        450        460        470        480 VDDFILSPVV KRSFIQSIKV INAIIKKYGL PNDIIIELAR        490        500        510        520 EKNSKDAQKM INEMQKRNRQ TNERIEEIIR TTGKENAKYL        530        540        550        560 IEKIKLHDMQ EGKCLYSLEA IPLEDLLNNP FNYEVDHIIP        570        580        590        600 RSVSFDNSFN NKVLVKQEEN SKKGNRTPFQ YLSSSDSKIS        610        620        630        640 YETFKKHILN LAKGKGRISK TKKEYLLEER DINRFSVQKD        650        660        670        680 FINRNLVDTR YATRGLMNLL RSYFRVNNLD VKVKSINGGF        690        700        710        720 TSFLRRKWKF KKERNKGYKH HAEDALIIAN ADFIFKEWKK        730        740        750        760 LDKAKKVMEN QMFEEKQAES MPEIETEQEY KEIFITPHQI        770        780        790        800 KHIKDFKDYK YSHRVDKKPN RELINDTLYS TRKDDKGNTL        810        820        830        840 IVNNLNGLYD KDNDKLKKLI NKSPEKLLMY HHDPQTYQKL        850        860        870        880 KLIMEQYGDE KNPLYKYYEE TGNYLTKYSK KDNGPVIKKI        890        900        910        920 KYYGNKLNAH LDITDDYPNS RNKVVKLSLK PYRFDVYLDN        930        940        950        960 GVYKFVTVKN LDVIKKENYY EVNSKCYEEA KKLKKISNQA        970        980        990       1000 EFIASFYNND LIKINGELYR VIGVNNDLLN RIEVNMIDIT       1010       1020       1030       1040 YREYLENMND KRPPRIIKTI ASKTQSIKKY STDILGNLYE       1050 VKSKKHPQII KKG

SaCas9 variants described herein include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, or all six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, and/or R654, e.g., comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 with mutations at one, two, three, four five or six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, and/or R654.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one or more of the following mutations: Y211A; W229A; Y230A; R245A; T392A; N419A; L446A; Y651A; R654A; D786A; T787A; Y789A; T882A; K886A; N888A; A889A; L909A; N985A; N986A; R991A; R1015A; N44A; R45A; R51A; R55A; R59A; R60A; R116A; R165A; N169A; R208A; R209A; Y211A; T238A; Y239A; K248A; Y256A; R314A; N394A; Q414A; K57A; R61A; H111A; K114A; V164A; R165A; L788A; S790A; R792A; N804A; Y868A; K870A; K878A; K879A; K881A; Y897A; R901A; K906A.

In some embodiments, variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of the following additional mutations: Y211A, W229A, Y230A, R245A, T392A, N419A, L446A, Y651A, R654A, D786A, T787A, Y789A, T882A, K886A, N888A, A889A, L909A, N985A, N986A, R991A, R1015A, N44A, R45A, R51A, R55A, R59A, R60A, R116A, R165A, N169A, R208A, R209A, Y211A, T238A, Y239A, K248A, Y256A, R314A, N394A, Q414A, K57A, R61A, H111A, K114A, V164A, R165A, L788A, S790A, R792A, N804A, Y868A, K870A, K878A, K879A, K881A, Y897A, R901A, K906A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise multiple substitution mutations: R245/T392/N419/R654 and Y221/R245/N419/R654 (quadruple variant mutants); N419/R654, R245/R654, Y221/R654, and Y221/N419 (double mutants); R245/N419/R654, Y211/N419/R654, and T392/N419/R654 (triple mutants). In some embodiments the mutants contain alanine in place of the wild type amino acid.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise mutations at E782K, K929R, N968K, and/or R1015H. For example, the KKH variant (E782K/N968K/R1015H), the KRH variant (E782K/K929R/R1015H), or the KRKH variant (E782K/K929R/N968K/R1015H)]

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one or more mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the group consisting of mutations at D10, E477, D556, H701, or D704; and at H557 or N580.

In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D10N, (ii) H557A, H557N, or H557Y, (iii) N580A, and/or (iv) D556A.

Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acids encoding the Cas9 variants, vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acids, optionally operably linked to one or more regulatory domains for expressing the variant proteins, and host cells, e.g., mammalian host cells, comprising the nucleic acids, and optionally expressing the variant proteins.

The variants described herein can be used for altering the genome of a cell; the methods generally include expressing the variant proteins in the cells, along with a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the genome of the cell. Methods for selectively altering the genome of a cell are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649; WO/2014/099744; WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578; WO2014/152432; WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US20160024529; US20160024524; US20160024523; US20160024510; US20160017366; US20160017301; US20150376652; US20150356239; US20150315576; US20150291965; US20150252358; US20150247150; US20150232883; US20150232882; US20150203872; US20150191744; US20150184139; US20150176064; US20150167000; US20150166969; US20150159175; US20150159174; US20150093473; US20150079681; US20150067922; US20150056629; US20150044772; US20150024500; US20150024499; US20150020223; US20140356867; US20140295557; US20140273235; US20140273226; US20140273037; US20140189896; US20140113376; US20140093941; US20130330778; US20130288251; US20120088676; US20110300538; US20110236530; US20110217739; US20110002889; US20100076057; US20110189776; US20110223638; US20130130248; US20150050699; US20150071899; US20150045546; US20150031134; US20150024500; US20140377868; US20140357530; US20140349400; US20140335620; US20140335063; US20140315985; US20140310830; US20140310828; US20140309487; US20140304853; US20140298547; US20140295556; US20140294773; US20140287938; US20140273234; US20140273232; US20140273231; US20140273230; US20140271987; US20140256046; US20140248702; US20140242702; US20140242700; US20140242699; US20140242664; US20140234972; US20140227787; US20140212869; US20140201857; US20140199767; US20140189896; US20140186958; US20140186919; US20140186843; US20140179770; US20140179006; US20140170753; WO/2008/108989; WO/2010/054108; WO/2012/164565; WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772; Makarova et al., “Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems” 9(6) Nature Reviews Microbiology 467-477 (1-23) (June 2011); Wiedenheft et al., “RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea” 482 Nature 331-338 (Feb. 16, 2012); Gasiunas et al., “Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria” 109(39) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA E2579-E2586 (Sep. 4, 2012); Jinek et al., “A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity” 337 Science 816-821 (Aug. 17, 2012); Carroll, “A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting” 20(9) Molecular Therapy 1658-1660 (September 2012); U.S. Appl. No. 61/652,086, filed May 25, 2012; Al-Attar et al., Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs): The Hallmark of an Ingenious Antiviral Defense Mechanism in Prokaryotes, Biol Chem. (2011) vol. 392, Issue 4, pp. 277-289; Hale et al., Essential Features and Rational Design of CRISPR RNAs That Function With the Cas RAMP Module Complex to Cleave RNAs, Molecular Cell, (2012) vol. 45, Issue 3, 292-302.

The variant proteins described herein can be used in place of or in addition to any of the Cas9 proteins described in the foregoing references, or in combination with mutations described therein. In addition, the variants described herein can be used in fusion proteins in place of the wild-type Cas9 or other Cas9 mutations (such as the dCas9 or Cas9 nickase described above) as known in the art, e.g., a fusion protein with a heterologous functional domains as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649; WO/2014/099744; WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578; WO2014/152432; WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US2010/0076057; US2011/0189776; US2011/0223638; US2013/0130248; WO/2008/108989; WO/2010/054108; WO/2012/164565; WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772; US20150050699; US 20150071899 and WO 2014/124284. For example, the variants, preferably comprising one or more nuclease-reducing or killing mutation, can be fused on the N or C terminus of the Cas9 to a transcriptional activation domain or other heterologous functional domains (e.g., transcriptional repressors (e.g., KRAB, ERD, SID, and others, e.g., amino acids 473-530 of the ets2 repressor factor (ERF) repressor domain (ERD), amino acids 1-97 of the KRAB domain of KOX1, or amino acids 1-36 of the Mad mSIN3 interaction domain (SID); see Beerli et al., PNAS USA 95:14628-14633 (1998)) or silencers such as Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1, also known as swi6), e.g., HP1α or HP1β; proteins or peptides that could recruit long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) fused to a fixed RNA binding sequence such as those bound by the MS2 coat protein, endoribonuclease Csy4, or the lambda N protein; enzymes that modify the methylation state of DNA (e.g., DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or TET proteins); or enzymes that modify histone subunits (e.g., histone acetyltransferases (HAT), histone deacetylases (HDAC), histone methyltransferases (e.g., for methylation of lysine or arginine residues) or histone demethylases (e.g., for demethylation of lysine or arginine residues)) as are known in the art can also be used. A number of sequences for such domains are known in the art, e.g., a domain that catalyzes hydroxylation of methylated cytosines in DNA. Exemplary proteins include the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET)1-3 family, enzymes that converts 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in DNA.

Sequences for human TET1-3 are known in the art and are shown in the following table:

GenBank Accession Nos. Gene Amino Acid Nucleic Acid TET1 NP_085128.2 NM_030625.2 TET2* NP_001120680.1 (var 1) NM_001127208.2 NP_060098.3 (var 2) NM_017628.4 TET3 NP_659430.1 NM_144993.1 *Variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (a). Variant (2) differs in the 5′ UTR and in the 3′ UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (b) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform a.

In some embodiments, all or part of the full-length sequence of the catalytic domain can be included, e.g., a catalytic module comprising the cysteine-rich extension and the 2OGFeDO domain encoded by 7 highly conserved exons, e.g., the Tet1 catalytic domain comprising amino acids 1580-2052, Tet2 comprising amino acids 1290-1905 and Tet3 comprising amino acids 966-1678. See, e.g., FIG. 1 of Iyer et al., Cell Cycle. 2009 Jun. 1; 8(11):1698-710. Epub 2009 Jun. 27, for an alignment illustrating the key catalytic residues in all three Tet proteins, and the supplementary materials thereof (available at ftp site ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/aravind/DONS/supplementary_material_DONS.html) for full length sequences (see, e.g., seq 2c); in some embodiments, the sequence includes amino acids 1418-2136 of Tet1 or the corresponding region in Tet2/3.

Other catalytic modules can be from the proteins identified in Iyer et al., 2009.

In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a biological tether, and comprises all or part of (e.g., DNA binding domain from) the MS2 coat protein, endoribonuclease Csy4, or the lambda N protein. These proteins can be used to recruit RNA molecules containing a specific stem-loop structure to a locale specified by the dCas9 gRNA targeting sequences. For example, a dCas9 variant fused to MS2 coat protein, endoribonuclease Csy4, or lambda N can be used to recruit a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) such as XIST or HOTAIR; see, e.g., Keryer-Bibens et al., Biol. Cell 100:125-138 (2008), that is linked to the Csy4, MS2 or lambda N binding sequence. Alternatively, the Csy4, MS2 or lambda N protein binding sequence can be linked to another protein, e.g., as described in Keryer-Bibens et al., supra, and the protein can be targeted to the dCas9 variant binding site using the methods and compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the Csy4 is catalytically inactive. In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant, preferably a dCas9 variant, is fused to FokI as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649; WO/2014/099744; WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578; WO2014/152432; WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US2010/0076057; US2011/0189776; US2011/0223638; US2013/0130248; WO/2008/108989; WO/2010/054108; WO/2012/164565; WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772; US20150050699; US 20150071899 and WO 2014/204578.

In some embodiments, the fusion proteins include a linker between the dCas9 variant and the heterologous functional domains. Linkers that can be used in these fusion proteins (or between fusion proteins in a concatenated structure) can include any sequence that does not interfere with the function of the fusion proteins. In preferred embodiments, the linkers are short, e.g., 2-20 amino acids, and are typically flexible (i.e., comprising amino acids with a high degree of freedom such as glycine, alanine, and serine). In some embodiments, the linker comprises one or more units consisting of GGGS (SEQ ID NO:3) or GGGGS (SEQ ID NO:4), e.g., two, three, four, or more repeats of the GGGS (SEQ ID NO:5) or GGGGS (SEQ ID NO:6) unit. Other linker sequences can also be used.

In some embodiments, the variant protein includes a cell-penetrating peptide sequence that facilitates delivery to the intracellular space, e.g., HIV-derived TAT peptide, penetratins, transportans, or hCT derived cell-penetrating peptides, see, e.g., Caron et al., (2001) Mol Ther. 3(3):310-8; Langel, Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Processes and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton Fla. 2002); El-Andaloussi et al., (2005) Curr Pharm Des. 11(28):3597-611; and Deshayes et al., (2005) Cell Mol Life Sci. 62(16):1839-49.

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate the movement of a wide range of biomolecules across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm or other organelles, e.g. the mitochondria and the nucleus. Examples of molecules that can be delivered by CPPs include therapeutic drugs, plasmid DNA, oligonucleotides, siRNA, peptide-nucleic acid (PNA), proteins, peptides, nanoparticles, and liposomes. CPPs are generally 30 amino acids or less, are derived from naturally or non-naturally occurring protein or chimeric sequences, and contain either a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids, e.g. lysine or arginine, or an alternating pattern of polar and non-polar amino acids. CPPs that are commonly used in the art include Tat (Frankel et al., (1988) Cell. 55:1189-1193, Vives et al., (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:16010-16017), penetratin (Derossi et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:10444-10450), polyarginine peptide sequences (Wender et al., (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13003-13008, Futaki et al., (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:5836-5840), and transportan (Pooga et al., (1998) Nat. Biotechnol. 16:857-861).

CPPs can be linked with their cargo through covalent or non-covalent strategies. Methods for covalently joining a CPP and its cargo are known in the art, e.g. chemical cross-linking (Stetsenko et al., (2000) J. Org. Chem. 65:4900-4909, Gait et al. (2003) Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. 60:844-853) or cloning a fusion protein (Nagahara et al., (1998) Nat. Med. 4:1449-1453). Non-covalent coupling between the cargo and short amphipathic CPPs comprising polar and non-polar domains is established through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

CPPs have been utilized in the art to deliver potentially therapeutic biomolecules into cells. Examples include cyclosporine linked to polyarginine for immunosuppression (Rothbard et al., (2000) Nature Medicine 6(11):1253-1257), siRNA against cyclin B1 linked to a CPP called MPG for inhibiting tumorigenesis (Crombez et al., (2007) Biochem Soc. Trans. 35:44-46), tumor suppressor p53 peptides linked to CPPs to reduce cancer cell growth (Takenobu et al., (2002) Mol. Cancer Ther. 1(12):1043-1049, Snyder et al., (2004) PLoS Biol. 2:E36), and dominant negative forms of Ras or phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) fused to Tat to treat asthma (Myou et al., (2003) J. Immunol. 171:4399-4405).

CPPs have been utilized in the art to transport contrast agents into cells for imaging and biosensing applications. For example, green fluorescent protein (GFP) attached to Tat has been used to label cancer cells (Shokolenko et al., (2005) DNA Repair 4(4):511-518). Tat conjugated to quantum dots have been used to successfully cross the blood-brain barrier for visualization of the rat brain (Santra et al., (2005) Chem. Commun. 3144-3146). CPPs have also been combined with magnetic resonance imaging techniques for cell imaging (Liu et al., (2006) Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm. 347(1):133-140). See also Ramsey and Flynn, Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Jul. 22. pii: 50163-7258(15)00141-2.

Alternatively or in addition, the variant proteins can include a nuclear localization sequence, e.g., SV40 large T antigen NLS (PKKKRRV (SEQ ID NO:7)) and nucleoplasmin NLS (KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK (SEQ ID NO:8)). Other NLSs are known in the art; see, e.g., Cokol et al., EMBO Rep. 2000 Nov. 15; 1(5): 411-415; Freitas and Cunha, Curr Genomics. 2009 December; 10(8): 550-557.

In some embodiments, the variants include a moiety that has a high affinity for a ligand, for example GST, FLAG or hexahistidine sequences. Such affinity tags can facilitate the purification of recombinant variant proteins.

For methods in which the variant proteins are delivered to cells, the proteins can be produced using any method known in the art, e.g., by in vitro translation, or expression in a suitable host cell from nucleic acid encoding the variant protein; a number of methods are known in the art for producing proteins. For example, the proteins can be produced in and purified from yeast, E. coli, insect cell lines, plants, transgenic animals, or cultured mammalian cells; see, e.g., Palomares et al., “Production of Recombinant Proteins: Challenges and Solutions,” Methods Mol Biol. 2004; 267:15-52. In addition, the variant proteins can be linked to a moiety that facilitates transfer into a cell, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle, optionally with a linker that is cleaved once the protein is inside the cell. See, e.g., LaFountaine et al., Int J Pharm. 2015 Aug. 13; 494(1):180-194.

Expression Systems

To use the Cas9 variants described herein, it may be desirable to express them from a nucleic acid that encodes them. This can be performed in a variety of ways. For example, the nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 variant can be cloned into an intermediate vector for transformation into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for replication and/or expression. Intermediate vectors are typically prokaryote vectors, e.g., plasmids, or shuttle vectors, or insect vectors, for storage or manipulation of the nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 variant for production of the Cas9 variant. The nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 variant can also be cloned into an expression vector, for administration to a plant cell, animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell or a human cell, fungal cell, bacterial cell, or protozoan cell.

To obtain expression, a sequence encoding a Cas9 variant is typically subcloned into an expression vector that contains a promoter to direct transcription. Suitable bacterial and eukaryotic promoters are well known in the art and described, e.g., in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3d ed. 2001); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 2010). Bacterial expression systems for expressing the engineered protein are available in, e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp., and Salmonella (Palva et al., 1983, Gene 22:229-235). Kits for such expression systems are commercially available. Eukaryotic expression systems for mammalian cells, yeast, and insect cells are well known in the art and are also commercially available.

The promoter used to direct expression of a nucleic acid depends on the particular application. For example, a strong constitutive promoter is typically used for expression and purification of fusion proteins. In contrast, when the Cas9 variant is to be administered in vivo for gene regulation, either a constitutive or an inducible promoter can be used, depending on the particular use of the Cas9 variant. In addition, a preferred promoter for administration of the Cas9 variant can be a weak promoter, such as HSV TK or a promoter having similar activity. The promoter can also include elements that are responsive to transactivation, e.g., hypoxia response elements, Gal4 response elements, lac repressor response element, and small molecule control systems such as tetracycline-regulated systems and the RU-486 system (see, e.g., Gossen & Bujard, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:5547; Oligino et al., 1998, Gene Ther., 5:491-496; Wang et al., 1997, Gene Ther., 4:432-441; Neering et al., 1996, Blood, 88:1147-55; and Rendahl et al., 1998, Nat. Biotechnol., 16:757-761).

In addition to the promoter, the expression vector typically contains a transcription unit or expression cassette that contains all the additional elements required for the expression of the nucleic acid in host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. A typical expression cassette thus contains a promoter operably linked, e.g., to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 variant, and any signals required, e.g., for efficient polyadenylation of the transcript, transcriptional termination, ribosome binding sites, or translation termination. Additional elements of the cassette may include, e.g., enhancers, and heterologous spliced intronic signals.

The particular expression vector used to transport the genetic information into the cell is selected with regard to the intended use of the Cas9 variant, e.g., expression in plants, animals, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, etc. Standard bacterial expression vectors include plasmids such as pBR322 based plasmids, pSKF, pET23D, and commercially available tag-fusion expression systems such as GST and LacZ.

Expression vectors containing regulatory elements from eukaryotic viruses are often used in eukaryotic expression vectors, e.g., SV40 vectors, papilloma virus vectors, and vectors derived from Epstein-Barr virus. Other exemplary eukaryotic vectors include pMSG, pAV009/A+, pMTO10/A+, pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expression of proteins under the direction of the SV40 early promoter, SV40 late promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

The vectors for expressing the Cas9 variants can include RNA Pol III promoters to drive expression of the guide RNAs, e.g., the H1, U6 or 7SK promoters. These human promoters allow for expression of Cas9 variants in mammalian cells following plasmid transfection.

Some expression systems have markers for selection of stably transfected cell lines such as thymidine kinase, hygromycin B phosphotransferase, and dihydrofolate reductase. High yield expression systems are also suitable, such as using a baculovirus vector in insect cells, with the gRNA encoding sequence under the direction of the polyhedrin promoter or other strong baculovirus promoters.

The elements that are typically included in expression vectors also include a replicon that functions in E. coli, a gene encoding antibiotic resistance to permit selection of bacteria that harbor recombinant plasmids, and unique restriction sites in nonessential regions of the plasmid to allow insertion of recombinant sequences.

Standard transfection methods are used to produce bacterial, mammalian, yeast or insect cell lines that express large quantities of protein, which are then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem., 264:17619-22; Guide to Protein Purification, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990)). Transformation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are performed according to standard techniques (see, e.g., Morrison, 1977, J. Bacteriol. 132:349-351; Clark-Curtiss & Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology 101:347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983).

Any of the known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequences into host cells may be used. These include the use of calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation, nucleofection, liposomes, microinjection, naked DNA, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, both episomal and integrative, and any of the other well-known methods for introducing cloned genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA or other foreign genetic material into a host cell (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra). It is only necessary that the particular genetic engineering procedure used be capable of successfully introducing at least one gene into the host cell capable of expressing the Cas9 variant.

The present invention also includes the vectors and cells comprising the vectors.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

Methods

Bacterial-Based Positive Selection Assay for Evolving SpCas9 Variants

Competent E. coli BW25141(λDE3)²³ containing a positive selection plasmid (with embedded target site) were transformed with Cas9/sgRNA-encoding plasmids. Following a 60 minute recovery in SOB media, transformations were plated on LB plates containing either chloramphenicol (non-selective) or chloramphenicol+10 mM arabinose (selective).

To identify additional positions that might be critical for genome wide target specificity, a bacterial selection system previously used to study properties of homing endonucleases (hereafter referred to as the positive selection) (Chen & Zhao, Nucleic Acids Res 33, e154 (2005); Doyon et al., J Am Chem Soc 128, 2477-2484 (2006)) was adapted.

In the present adaptation of this system, Cas9-mediated cleavage of a positive selection plasmid encoding an inducible toxic gene enables cell survival, due to subsequent degradation and loss of the linearized plasmid. After establishing that SpCas9 can function in the positive selection system, both wild-type and the variants were tested for their ability to cleave a selection plasmid harboring a target site selected from the known human genome. These variants were introduced into bacteria with a positive selection plasmid containing a target site and plated on selective medium. Cleavage of the positive selection plasmid was estimated by calculating the survival frequency: colonies on selective plates/colonies on non-selective plates (see FIG. 1, 5-6).

A Subset of Plasmids Used in this Study (Sequences Shown Below)

Addgene Name ID Description JDS246 43861 CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-NLS-3xFLAG VP12 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP2135 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF2(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135E)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP2133 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF4(Y450A, N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP469 65771 CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR(D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP2440 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG BPK2797 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR(D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP2443 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG BPK1520 65777 U6-BsmBIcassette-Sp-sgRNA

Human Cell Culture and Transfection

U2OS.EGFP cells harboring a single integrated copy of a constitutively expressed EGFP-PEST reporter gene¹⁵ were cultured in Advanced DMEM media (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM GlutaMax (Life Technologies), penicillin/streptomycin, and 400 μg/ml of G418 at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. Cells were co-transfected with 750 ng of Cas9 plasmid and 250 ng of sgRNA plasmid (unless otherwise noted) using the DN-100 program of a Lonza 4D-nucleofector according to the manufacturer's protocols. Cas9 plasmid transfected together with an empty U6 promoter plasmid was used as a negative control for all human cell experiments. (see FIGS. 2, 7-10).

Human Cell EGFP Disruption Assay

EGFP disruption experiments were performed as previously described¹⁶. Transfected cells were analyzed for EGFP expression ˜52 hours post-transfection using a Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Background EGFP loss was gated at approximately 2.5% for all experiments (see FIGS. 2, 7).

T7E1 Assay, Targeted Deep-Sequencing, and GUIDE-Seq to Quantify Nuclease-Induced Mutation Rates

T7E1 assays were performed as previously described for human cells (Kleinstiver, B. P. et al., Nature 523, 481-485 (2015)). For U2OS.EGFP human cells, genomic DNA was extracted from transfected cells ˜72 hours post-transfection using the Agencourt DNAdvance Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Beckman Coulter Genomics). Roughly 200 ng of purified PCR product was denatured, annealed, and digested with T7E1 (New England BioLabs). Mutagenesis frequencies were quantified using a Qiaxcel capillary electrophoresis instrument (QIagen), as previously described for human cells¹⁵.

GUIDE-seq experiments were performed as previously described (Tsai et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015)). Briefly, phosphorylated, phosphorothioate-modified double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (dsODNs) were transfected into U2OS cells with Cas9 nuclease along with Cas9 and sgRNA expression plasmids, as described above. dsODN-specific amplification, high-throughput sequencing, and mapping were performed to identify genomic intervals containing DSB activity. For wild-type versus double or quadruple mutant variant experiments, off-target read counts were normalized to the on-target read counts to correct for sequencing depth differences between samples. The normalized ratios for wild-type and variant SpCas9 were then compared to calculate the fold-change in activity at off-target sites. To determine whether wild-type and SpCas9 variant samples for GUIDE-seq had similar oligo tag integration rates at the intended target site, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were performed by amplifying the intended target loci with Phusion Hot-Start Flex from 100 ng of genomic DNA (isolated as described above). Roughly 150 ng of PCR product was digested with 20 U of NdeI (New England BioLabs) for 3 hours at 37° C. prior to clean-up using the Agencourt Ampure XP kit. RFLP results were quantified using a Qiaxcel capillary electrophoresis instrument (QIagen) to approximate oligo tag integration rates. T7E1 assays were performed for a similar purpose, as described above.

Example 1

One potential solution to address targeting specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 RNA guided gene editing would be to engineer Cas9 variants with novel mutations.

Based on these earlier results, it was hypothesized (without wishing to be bound by theory) that the specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases might be significantly increased by reducing the non-specific binding affinity of Cas9 for DNA, mediated by the binding to the phosphate groups on the DNA or hydrophobic or base stacking interactions with the DNA. This approach would have the advantage of not decreasing the length of the target site recognized by the gRNA/Cas9 complex, as in the previously described truncated gRNA approach. It was reasoned that non-specific binding affinity of Cas9 for DNA might be reduced by mutating amino acid residues that contact phosphate groups on the target DNA.

An analogous approach has been used to create variants of non-Cas9 nucleases such as TALENs (see, for example, Guilinger et al., Nat. Methods. 11: 429 (2014)).

In an initial test of the hypothesis, the present inventors attempted to engineer a reduced affinity variant of the widely used S. pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) by introducing individual alanine substitutions into various residues in SpCas9 that might be expected to interact with phosphates on the DNA backbone. An E. coli-based screening assay was used to assess the activities of these variants (Kleinstiver et al., Nature. 2015 Jul. 23; 523(7561):481-5). In this bacterial system, cell survival depended on cleavage (and subsequent destruction) of a selection plasmid containing a gene for the toxic gyrase poison ccdB and a 23 base pair sequence targeted by a gRNA and SpCas9. Results of this experiment identified residues that retained or lost activity (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Activities of single alanine substitution mutants of Cas9 as assessed in the bacterial cell-based system shown in FIG. 1. mutation % survival mutation % survival mutation % survival R63A 84.2 Q926A 53.3 K1158A 46.5 R66A 0 K1107A 47.4 K1185A 19.3 R70A 0 E1108A 40.0 K1200A 24.5 R74A 0 S1109A 96.6 S1216A 100.4 R78A 56.4 K1113A 51.8 Q1221A 98.8 R165A 68.9 R1114A 47.3 K1289A 55.2 R403A 85.2 S1116A 73.8 R1298A 28.6 N407A 97.2 K1118A 48.7 K1300A 59.8 N497A 72.6 D1135A 67.2 K1325A 52.3 K510A 79.0 S1136A 69.2 R1333A 0 Y515A 34.1 K1151A 0 K1334A 87.5 R661A 75.0 K1153A 76.6 R1335A 0 Q695A 69.8 K1155A 44.6 T1337A 64.6 Survival percentages between 50-100% usually indicated robust cleavage, whereas 0% survival indicated that the enzyme has been functionally compromised. Additional mutations that were assayed in bacteria (but are not shown in the table above) include: R69A, R71A, Y72A, R75A, K76A, N77A, R115A, H160A, K163A, L169A, T404A, F405A, R447A, 1448A, Y450A, S460A, M495A, M694A, H698A, Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A, K1123A, and K1124A. With the exception of R69A and F405A (which had <5% survival in bacteria), all of these additional single mutations appeared to have little effect on the on-target activity of SpCas9 (>70% survival in the bacterial screen).

15 different SpCas9 variants bearing all possible single, double, triple and quadruple combinations of the N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A mutations were constructed to test whether contacts made by these residues might be dispensable for on-target activity (FIG. 1b ). For these experiments, a previously described human cell-based assay was used in which cleavage and induction of insertion or deletion mutations (indels) by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair within a single integrated EGFP reporter gene leads to loss of cell fluorescence (Reyon, D. et al., Nat Biotechnol. 30, 460-465, 2012). Using a EGFP-targeted sgRNA previously shown to efficiently disrupt EGFP expression in human cells when paired with wild-type SpCas9 (Fu, Y. et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 822-826 (2013), all 15 SpCas9 variants possessed EGFP disruption activities comparable to that of wild-type SpCas9 (FIG. 1b , grey bars). Thus, substitution of one or all of these residues did not reduce on-target cleavage efficiency of SpCas9 with this EGFP-targeted sgRNA.

Next, experiments were performed to assess the relative activities of all 15 SpCas9 variants at mismatched target sites. To do this, the EGFP disruption assay was repeated with derivatives of the EGFP-targeted sgRNA used in the previous experiment that contain pairs of substituted bases at positions 13 and 14, 15 and 16, 17 and 18, and 18 and 19 (numbering starting with 1 for the most PAM-proximal base and ending with 20 for the most PAM-distal base; FIG. 1b ). This analysis revealed that one of the triple mutants (R661A/Q695A/Q926A) and the quadruple mutant (N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) both showed levels of EGFP disruption equivalent to that of background with all four of the mismatched sgRNAs (FIG. 1b , colored bars). Notably, among the 15 variants, those possessing the lowest activities with the mismatched sgRNAs all harbored the Q695A and Q926A mutations. Based on these results and similar data from an experiment using a sgRNA for another EGFP target site, the quadruple mutant (N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) was chosen for additional analysis and designated it as SpCas9-HF1 (for high-fidelity variant #1).

On-Target Activities of SpCas9-HF1

To determine how robustly SpCas9-HF1 functions at a larger number of on-target sites, direct comparisons were performed between this variant and wild-type SpCas9 using additional sgRNAs. In total, 37 different sgRNAs were tested: 24 targeted to EGFP (assayed with the EGFP disruption assay) and 13 targeted to endogenous human gene targets (assayed using the T7 Endonuclease I (T7EI) mismatch assay). 20 of the 24 sgRNAs tested with the EGFP disruption assay (FIG. 1c ) and 12 of the 13 sgRNAs tested on endogenous human gene sites (FIG. 1d ) showed activities with SpCas9-HF1 that were at least 70% as active as wild-type SpCas9 with the same sgRNA (FIG. 1e ). Indeed, SpCas9-HF1 showed highly comparable activities (90-140%) to wild-type SpCas9 with the vast majority of sgRNAs (FIG. 1e ). Three of the 37 sgRNAs tested showed essentially no activity with SpCas9-HF1 and examination of these target sites did not suggest any obvious differences in the characteristics of these sequences compared to those for which high activities were seen (Table 3). Overall, SpCas9-HF1 possessed comparable activities (greater than 70% of wild-type SpCas9 activities) for 86% (32/37) of the sgRNAs tested.

TABLE 3 List of sgRNA targets Spacer Prep length Spacer SEQ Sequence with SEQ Name Name (nt) Sequence ID NO: extended PAM ID NO: S. pyogenes sgRNAs EGFP FYF1 NGG 20 GGGCACGGGC   9. GGGCACGGGCAGCTTGC  10. 320 site 1 AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT FYF1 NGG 18 GCACGGGCAG  11. GCACGGGCAGCTTGCCG  12. 641 site 1 CTTGCCGG GTGGT CK10 NGG 20 GGGCACccGC  13. GGGCACccGCAGCTTGC  14. 12 site 1- AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 13 & 14 FYF1 NGG 20 GGGCtgGGGC  15. GGGCtgGGGCAGCTTGC  16. 429 site 1- AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 15 & 16 FYF1 NGG 20 GGcgACGGGC  17. GGcgACGGGCAGCTTGC  18. 430 site 1- AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 17 & 18 FYF1 NGG 20 GccCACGGGC  19. GccCACGGGCAGCTTGC  20. 347 site 1- AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 18 & 19 BPK1 NGG 20 GTCGCCCTCG  21. GTCGCCCTCGAACTTCA  22. 345 site 2 AACTTCACCT CCTCGGC BPK1 NGG 20 GTAGGTCAGG  23. GTAGGTCAGGGTGGTCA  24. 350 site 3 GTGGTCACGA CGAGGGT BPK1 NGG 20 GGCGAGGGCG  25. GGCGAGGGCGATGCCA  26. 353 site 4 ATGCCACCTA CCTACGGC MSP NGG 20 GGTCGCCACC  27. GGTCGCCACCATGGTGA  28. 792 site 5 ATGGTGAGCA GCAAGGG MSP NGG 20 GGTCAGGGTG  29. GGTCAGGGTGGTCACGA  30. 795 site 6 GTCACGAGGG GGGTGGG FYF1 NGG 20 GGTGGTGCAG  31. GGTGGTGCAGATGAACT  32. 328 site 7 ATGAACTTCA TCAGGGT JAF1 NGG 17 GGTGCAGATG  33. GGTGCAGATGAACTTCA  34. 001 site 7 AACTTCA GGGT BPK1 NGG 20 GTTGGGGTCT  35. GTTGGGGTCTTTGCTCA  36. 365 site 8 TTGCTCAGGG GGGCGGA MSP NGG 20 GGTGGTCACG  37. GGTGGTCACGAGGGTGG  38. 794 site 9 AGGGTGGGCC GCCAGGG FYF1 NGG 20 GATGCCGTTC  39. GATGCCGTTCTTCTGCTT  40. 327 site 10 TTCTGCTTGT GTCGGC JAF9 NGG 17 GCCGTTCTTC  41. GCCGTTCTTCTGCTTGTC  42. 97 site 10 TGCTTGT GGC BPK1 NGG 20 GTCGCCACCA  43. GTCGCCACCATGGTGAG  44. 347 site 11 TGGTGAGCAA CAAGGGC BPK1 NGG 20 GCACTGCACG  45. GCACTGCACGCCGTAGG  46. 369 site 12 CCGTAGGTCA TCAGGGT MSP NGG 20 GTGAACCGCA  47. GTGAACCGCATCGAGCT  48. 2545 site 13 TCGAGCTGAA GAAGGGC MSP NGG 20 GAAGGGCATC  49. GAAGGGCATCGACTTCA  50. 2546 site 14 GACTTCAAGG AGGAGGA MSP NGG 20 GCTTCATGTG  51. GCTTCATGTGGTCGGGG  52. 2547 site 15 GTCGGGGTAG TAGCGGC MSP NGG 20 GCTGAAGCAC  53. GCTGAAGCACTGCACGC  54. 2548 site 16 TGCACGCCGT CGTAGGT MSP NGG 20 GCCGTCGTCC  55. GCCGTCGTCCTTGAAGA  56. 2549 site 17 TTGAAGAAGA AGATGGT MSP NGG 20 GACCAGGATG  57. GACCAGGATGGGCACC  58. 2550 site 18 GGCACCACCC ACCCCGGT MSP NGG 20 GACGTAGCCT  59. GACGTAGCCTTCGGGCA  60. 2551 site 19 TCGGGCATGG TGGCGGA MSP NGG 20 GAAGTTCGAG  61. GAAGTTCGAGGGCGAC  62. 2553 site 20 GGCGACACCC ACCCTGGT MSP NGG 20 GAGCTGGACG  63. GAGCTGGACGGCGACGT  64. 2554 site 21 GCGACGTAAA AAACGGC MSP NGG 20 GGCATCGCCC  65. GGCATCGCCCTCGCCCT  66. 2555 site 22 TCGCCCTCGC CGCCGGA MSP NGG 20 GGCCACAAGT  67. GGCCACAAGTTCAGCGT  68. 2556 site 23 TCAGCGTGTC GTCCGGC FYF1 NGG 20 GGGCGAGGAG  69. GGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCA  70. 331 site 24 CTGTTCACCG CCGGGGT FYF1 NGG 18 GCGAGGAGCT  71. GCGAGGAGCTGTTCACC  72. 560 site 24 GTTCACCG GGGGT BPK1 NGG 20 CCTCGAACTT  73. CCTCGAACTTCACCTCG  74. 348 site 25- CACCTCGGCG GCGCGGG no 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 GCTCGAACTT  75. GCTCGAACTTCACCTCG  76. 349 site 25- CACCTCGGCG GCGCGGG mm 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 CAACTACAAG  77. CAACTACAAGACCCGCG  78. 351 site 26- ACCCGCGCCG CCGAGGT no 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 GAACTACAAG  79. GAACTACAAGACCCGCG  80. 352 site 26- ACCCGCGCCG CCGAGGT mm 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 CGCTCCTGGA  81. CGCTCCTGGACGTAGCC  82. 373 site 27- CGTAGCCTTC TTCGGGC no 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 GGCTCCTGGA  83. CGCTCCTGGACGTAGCC  84. 375 site 27- CGTAGCCTTC TTCGGGC mm 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 AGGGCGAGGA  85. AGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTC  86. 377 site 28- GCTGTTCACC ACCGGGG no 5′ G BPK1 NGG 20 GGGGCGAGGA  87. GGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTC  88. 361 site 28- GCTGTTCACC ACCGGGG mm 5′ G BPK1 NGAA 20 GTTCGAGGGC  89. GTTCGAGGGCGACACCC  90. 468 site 1 GACACCCTGG TGGTGAA MSP NGAA 20 GTTCACCAGG  91. GTTCACCAGGGTGTCGC  92. 807 site 2 GTGTCGCCCT CCTCGAA MSP NGAC 20 GCCCACCCTC  93. GCCCACCCTCGTGACCA  94. 170 site 1 GTGACCACCC CCCTGAC MSP NGAC 20 GCCCTTGCTC  95. GCCCTTGCTCACCATGG  96. 790 site 2 ACCATGGTGG TGGCGAC MSP NGAT 20 GTCGCCGTCC  97. GTCGCCGTCCAGCTCGA  98. 171 site 1 AGCTCGACCA CCAGGAT MSP NGAT 20 GTGTCCGGCG  99. GTGTCCGGCGAGGGCGA 100. 169 site 2 AGGGCGAGGG GGGCGAT MSP NGAG 20 GGGGTGGTGC 101. GGGGTGGTGCCCATCCT 102. 168 site 1 CCATCCTGGT GGTCGAG MSP NGAG 20 GCCACCATGG 103. GCCACCATGGTGAGCAA 104. 366 site 2 TGAGCAAGGG GGGCGAG Endogenous genes EMX1 FYF15 NGG 20 GAGTCCGAGC 105. GAGTCCGAGCAGAAG 106. 48 site 1 AGAAGAAGAA AAGAAGGGC MSP80 NGG 20 GTCACCTCCA 107. GTCACCTCCAATGACT 108. 9 site 2 ATGACTAGGG AGGGTGGG VC475 NGG 20 GGGAAGACTG 109. GGGAAGACTGAGGCT 110. site 3 AGGCTACATA ACATAGGGT MSP81 NGA 20 GCCACGAAGC 111. GCCACGAAGCAGGCC 112. 4 *1 site 1 AGGCCAATGG AATGGGGAG FANCF DR348 NGG 20 GGAATCCCTT 113. GGAATCCCTTCTGCAG 114. site 1 CTGCAGCACC CACCTGGA MSP81 NGG 20 GCTGCAGAAG 115. GCTGCAGAAGGGATTC 116. 5 site 2 GGATTCCATG CATGAGGT MSP81 NGG 20 GGCGGCTGCA 117. GGCGGCTGCACAACCA 118. 6 site 3 CAACCAGTGG GTGGAGGC MSP81 NGG 20 GCTCCAGAGC 119. GCTCCAGAGCCGTGCG 120. 7 site 4 CGTGCGAATG AATGGGGC MSP81 NGA 20 GAATCCCTTC 121. GAATCCCTTCTGCAGC 122. 8 *2 site 1 TGCAGCACCT ACCTGGAT MSP82 NGA 20 GCGGCGGCTG 123. GCGGCGGCTGCACAAC 124. 0 *3 site 2 CACAACCAGT CAGTGGAG MSP88 NGA 20 GGTTGTGCAG 125. GGTTGTGCAGCCGCCG 126. 5 *4 site 3 CCGCCGCTCC CTCCAGAG RUNX1 MSP82 NGG 20 GCATTTTCAG 127. GCATTTTCAGGAGGAA 128. 2 site 1 GAGGAAGCGA GCGATGGC MSP82 NGG 20 GGGAGAAGAA 129. GGGAGAAGAAAGAGA 130. 5 site 2 AGAGAGATGT GATGTAGGG MSP82 NGA 20 GGTGCATTTT 131. GGTGCATTTTCAGGAG 132. 6 *5 site 1 CAGGAGGAAG GAAGCGAT MSP82 NGA 20 GAGATGTAGG 133. GAGATGTAGGGCTAGA 134. 8 *6 site 2 GCTAGAGGGG GGGGTGAG MSP17 NGAA 20 GGTATCCAGC 135. GGTATCCAGCAGAGGG 136. 25 site 1 AGAGGGGAGA GAGAAGAA MSP17 NGAA 20 GAGGCATCTC 137. GAGGCATCTCTGCACC 138. 26 site 2 TGCACCGAGG GAGGTGAA MSP17 NGAC 20 GAGGGGTGAG 139. GAGGGGTGAGGCTGA 140. 28 site 1 GCTGAAACAG AACAGTGAC MSP17 NGAC 20 GAGCAAAAGT 141. GAGCAAAAGTAGATAT 142. 30 site 2 AGATATTACA TACAAGAC MSP17 NGAT 20 GGAATTCAAA 143. GGAATTCAAACTGAGG 144. 32 site 1 GAGGCATACT CATATGAT MSP82 NGAT 20 GCAGAGGGGA 145. GCAGAGGGGAGAAGA 146. 9 site 2 GAAGAAAGAG AAGAGAGAT MSP17 NGAG 20 GCACCGAGGC 147. GCACCGAGGCATCTCT 148. 34 site 1 ATCTCTGCAC GCACCGAG MSP82 NGAG 20 GAGATGTAGG 149. GAGATGTAGGGCTAGA 150. 8 site 2 GCTAGAGGGG GGGGTGAG ZSCAN2 NN675 NGG 20 GTGCGGCAAG 151. GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTC 152. site AGCTTCAGCC AGCCGGGG VEGFA VC297 NGG 20 GGGTGGGGGG 153. GGGTGGGGGGAGTTTG 154. site 1 AGTTTGCTCC CTCCTGGA VC299 NGG 20 GACCCCCTCC 155. GACCCCCTCCACCCCG 156. site 2 ACCCCGCCTC CCTCCGGG VC228 NGG 20 GGTGAGTGAG 157. GGTGAGTGAGTGTGTG 158. site 3 TGTGTGCGTG CGTGTGGG BPK18 NGA 20 GCGAGCAGCG 159. GCGAGCAGCGTCTTCG 160. 46 *7 site 1 TCTTCGAGAG AGAGTGAG ZNF629 NN675 NGA 20 GTGCGGCAAG 161. GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTC 162. *8 site AGCTTCAGCC AGCCAGAG *1, NGA EMX1 site 4 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *2, NGA FANCF site 1 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *3, NGA FANCF site 3 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *4, NGA FANCF site 4 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *5, NGA RUNX1 site 1 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *6, NGA RUNX1 site 3 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *7, NGA VEGFA site 1 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *8, NGA ZNF629 site from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015

Genome-Wide Specificity of SpCas9-HF1

To test whether SpCas9-HF1 exhibited reduced off-target effects in human cells, the genome-wide unbiased identification of double-stranded breaks enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) method was used. GUIDE-seq uses integration of a short double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) tag into double-strand breaks to enable amplification and sequencing of adjacent genomic sequence, with the number of tag integrations at any given site providing a quantitative measure of cleavage efficiency (Tsai, S. Q. et al, Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015)). GUIDE-seq was used to compare the spectrum of off-target effects induced by wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 using eight different sgRNAs targeted to various sites in the endogenous human EMX1, FANCF, RUNX1, and ZSCAN2 genes. The sequences targeted by these sgRNAs are unique and have variable numbers of predicted mismatched sites in the reference human genome (Table 2). Assessment of on-target dsODN tag integration (by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay) and indel formation (by T7EI assay) for the eight sgRNAs revealed comparable on-target activities with wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 (FIGS. 7a and 7b , respectively). GUIDE-seq experiments showed that seven of the eight sgRNAs induced cleavage at multiple genome-wide off-target sites (ranging from 2 to 25 per sgRNA) with wild-type SpCas9, whereas the eighth sgRNA (for FANCF site 4) did not produce any detectable off-target sites (FIGS. 2a and 2b ). However, six of the seven sgRNAs that induced indels with wild-type SpCas9 showed a strikingly complete absence of GUIDE-seq detectable off-target events with SpCas9-HF1 (FIGS. 2a and 2b ); and the remaining seventh sgRNA (for FANCF site 2) induced only a single detectable genome-wide off-target cleavage event, at a site harboring one mismatch within the protospacer seed sequence (FIG. 2a ). Collectively, the off-target sites that were not detected when using SpCas9-HF1 harbored one to six mismatches in the protospacer and/or PAM sequence (FIG. 2c ). As with wild-type SpCas9, the eighth sgRNA (for FANCF site 4) did not yield any detectable off-target cleavage events when tested with SpCas9-HF1 (FIG. 2a ).

To confirm the GUIDE-seq findings, targeted amplicon sequencing was used to more directly measure the frequencies of NHEJ-mediated indel mutations induced by wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1. For these experiments, human cells were transfected only with sgRNA- and Cas9-encoding plasmids (i.e., without the GUIDE-seq tag). Next-generation sequencing was then used to examine 36 of the 40 off-target sites that had been identified with wild-type SpCas9 for six sgRNAs in the GUIDE-seq experiments (four of the 40 sites could not be examined because they could not be specifically amplified from genomic DNA). These deep sequencing experiments showed that: (1) wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 induced comparable frequencies of indels at each of the six sgRNA on-target sites (FIGS. 3a and 3b ); (2) wild-type SpCas9, as expected showed statistically significant evidence of indel mutations at 35 of the 36 off-target sites (FIG. 3b ) at frequencies that correlated well with GUIDE-seq read counts for these same sites (FIGS. 3c ); and (3) the frequencies of indels induced by SpCas9-HF1 at 34 of the 36 off-target sites were indistinguishable from the background level of indels observed in samples from control transfections (FIG. 3b ). For the two off-target sites that appeared to have statistically significant mutation frequencies with SpCas9-HF1 relative to the negative control, the mean frequencies of indels were 0.049% and 0.037%, levels at which it is difficult to determine whether these are due to sequencing/PCR error or are bona fide nuclease-induced indels. Based on these results, it was concluded that SpCas9-HF1 can completely or nearly completely reduce off-target mutations that occur across a range of different frequencies with wild-type SpCas9 to undetectable levels.

Next the capability of SpCas9-HF1 to reduce genome-wide off-target effects of sgRNAs that target atypical homopolymeric or repetitive sequences was assessed. Although many now try to avoid on-target sites with these characteristics due to their relative lack of orthogonality to the genome, it was desirable to explore whether SpCas9-HF1 might reduce off-target indels even for these challenging targets. Therefore, previously characterized sgRNAs (Fu, Y. et al., Nat Biotechnol 31,Tsai, S. Q. et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015) were used that target either a cytosine-rich homopolymeric sequence or a sequence containing multiple TG repeats in the human VEGFA gene (VEGFA site 2 and VEGFA site 3, respectively) (Table 2). In control experiments, each of these sgRNAs induced comparable levels of GUIDE-seq ds ODN tag incorporation (FIG. 7c ) and indel mutations (FIG. 7d ) with both wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1, demonstrating that SpCas9-HF1 was not impaired in on-target activity with either of these sgRNAs. Importantly, GUIDE-seq experiments revealed that SpCas9-HF1 was highly effective at reducing off-target sites of these sgRNAs, with 123/144 sites for VEGFA site 2 and 31/32 sites for VEGFA site 3 not detected (FIGS. 4a and 4b ). Examination of these off-target sites not detected with SpCas9-HF1 showed that they each possessed a range of total mismatches within their protospacer and PAM sequences: 2 to 7 mismatches for the VEGFA site 2 sgRNA and 1 to 4 mismatches for the VEGFA site 3 sgRNA (FIG. 4c ); also, nine of these off-targets for VEGFA site 2 may have a potential bulged base (Lin, Y. et al., Nucleic Acids Res 42, 7473-7485 (2014).at the sgRNA-DNA interface (FIG. 4a and FIG. 8). The sites that were not detected with SpCas9-HF1 possessed 2 to 6 mismatches for the VEGFA site 2 sgRNA and 2 mismatches in the single site for the VEGFA site 3 sgRNA (FIG. 4c ), with three off-target sites for VEGFA site 2 sgRNA again having a potential bulge (FIG. 8). Collectively, these results demonstrated that SpCas9-HF1 can be highly effective at reducing off-target effects of sgRNAs targeted to simple repeat sequences and can also have substantial impacts on sgRNAs targeted to homopolymeric sequences.

TABLE 2 Summary of potential mismatched sites in the reference human genome for the ten sgRNAs examined by GUIDE-seq mismatches to on-target site* site spacer with PAM 1 2 3 4 5 6 total EMX1-1 GAGTCCGAGCAGAAGAAGAAGGG 0 1 18 273 2318 15831 18441 (SEQ ID NO: 163) EMX1-2 GTCACCTCCAATGACTAGGGTGG 0 0 3 68 780 6102 6953 (SEQ ID NO: 164) FANCF-1 GGAATCCCTTCTGCAGCACCTGG 0 1 18 288 1475 9611 11393 (SEQ ID NO: 165) FANCF-2 GCTGCAGAAGGGATTCCATGAGG 1 1 29 235 2000 13047 15313 (SEQ ID NO: 166) FANCF-3 GGCGGCTGCACAACCAGTGGAGG 0 0 11 79 874 6651 7615 (SEQ ID NO: 167) FANCF-4 GCTCCAGAGCCGTGCGAATGGGG 0 0 6 59 639 5078 5782 (SEQ ID NO: 168) RUNX1-1 GCATTTTCAGGAGGAAGCGATGG 0 2 6 189 1644 11546 13387 (SEQ ID NO: 169) ZSCAN2 GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTCAGCCGGG 0 3 12 127 1146 10687 11975 (SEQ ID NO: 170) VEGFA2 GACCCCCTCCACCCCGCCTCCGG 0 2 35 456 3905 17576 21974 (SEQ ID NO: 171) VEGFA3 GGTGAGTGAGTGTGTGCGTGTGG 1 17 383 6089 13536 35901 55927 (SEQ ID NO: 172) *determined using Cas-OFFinder (Bae et al., Bioinformatics 30, 1473-1475 (2014))

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotides used in the study SEQ ID sequence NO: description of T7E1 primers forward primer to amplify EMX1 in GGAGCAGCTGGTCAGA 173. U2OS human cells GGGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1 in U2OS CCATAGGGAAGGGGGA 174. human cells CACTGG forward primer to amplify FANCF in GGGCCGGGAAAGAGTT 175. U2OS human cells GCTG reverse primer to amplify FANCF in GCCCTACATCTGCTCT 176. U2OS human cells CCCTCC forward primer to amplify RUNX1 in CCAGCACAACTTACTC 177. U2OS human cells GCACTTGAC reverse primer to amplify RUNX1 in CATCACCAACCCACAG 178. U2OS human cells CCAAGG forward primer to amplify VEGFA in TCCAGATGGCACATTG 179. U2OS human cells TCAG reverse primer to amplify VEGFA in AGGGAGCAGGAAAGTG 180. U2OS human cells AGGT forward primer to amplify VEGFA (NGG CGAGGAAGAGAGAGAC 181. site 2) in U2OS human cells GGGGTC reverse primer to amplify VEGFA (NGG CTCCAATGCACCCAAG 182. site 2) in U2OS human cells ACAGCAG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2 in AGTGTGGGGTGTGTGG 183. U2OS human cells GAAG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2 in GCAAGGGGAAGACTCT 184. U2OS human cells GGCA forward primer to amplify ZNF629 in TACGAGTGCCTAGAGT 185. U2OS human cells GCG reverse primer to amplify ZNF629 in GCAGATGTAGGTCTTG 186. U2OS human cells GAGGAC description of deep sequencing primers forward primer to amplify EMX1-1 on- GGAGCAGCTGGTCAGA 187. target GGGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1 on- CGATGTCCTCCCCATT 188. target GGCCTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GTGGGGAGATTTGCAT 189. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CTGTGGAGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- GCTTTTATACCATCTT 190. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GGGGTTACAG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- CAATGTGCTTCAACCC 191. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 ATCACGGC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCATGAATTTGTGATG 192. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 GATGCAGTCTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GAGAAGGAGGTGCAGG 193. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 AGCTAGAC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CATCCCGACCTTCATC 194. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCTCCTGG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GTAGTTCTGACATTCC 195. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TCCTGAGGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- TCAAACAAGGTGCAGA 196. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TACAGCA forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- CAGGGTCGCTCAGTCT 197. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GTGTGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCAGCGCACCATTCAC 198. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 TCCACCTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GGCTGAAGAGGAAGAC 199. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 CAGACTCAG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- GGCCCCTCTGAATTCA 200. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 ATTCTCTGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCACAGCGAGGAGTGA 201. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAGCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCAAGTCTTTCCTAAC 202. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 TCGACCTTGG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCCTAGGCCCACACCA 203. GUIDE_seq-OT#8 GCAATG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- GGGATGGGAATGGGAA 204. GUIDE_seq-OT#8 TGTGAGGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2 on- GCCCAGGTGAAGGTGT 205. target GGTTCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2 on- CCAAAGCCTGGCCAGG 206. target GAGTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- AGGCAAAGATCTAGGA 207. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CCTGGATGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- CCATCTGAGTCAGCCA 208. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GCCTTGTC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGTTCCCTCCCTTCTG 209. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 AGCCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGATAGGAATGAAGAC 210. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CCCCTCTCC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGACTGGCTGGCTGTG 211. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TGTTTTGAG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- CTTATCCAGGGCTACC 212. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TCATTGCC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GCTGCTGCTGCTTTGA 213. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TCACTCCTG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- CTCCTTAAACCCTCAG 214. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 AAGCTGGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GCACTGTCAGCTGATC 215. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 CTACAGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- ACGTTGGAACAGTCGA 216. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GCTGTAGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- TGTGCATAACTCATGT 217. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 TGGCAAACT reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- TCCACAACTACCCTCA 218. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GCTGGAG forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- CCACTGACAATTCACT 219. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAACCCTGC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- AGGCAGACCAGTTATT 220. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 TGGCAGTC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- ACAGGCGCAGTTCACT 221. GUIDE_seq-OT#9 GAGAAG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGGTAGGCTGACTTTG 222. GUIDE_seq-OT#9 GGCTCC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1 on- GCCCTCTTGCCTCCAC 223. target TGGTTG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1 on- CGCGGATGTTCCAATC 224. target AGTACGC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- GCGGGCAGTGGCGTCT 225. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAGTCG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CCCTGGGTTTGGTTGG 226. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CTGCTC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- CTCCTTGCCGCCCAGC 227. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CGGTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CACTGGGGAAGAGGCG 228. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 AGGACAC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- CCAGTGTTTCCCATCC 229. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCAACAC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- GAATGGATCCCCCCCT 230. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 AGAGCTC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- CAGGCCCACAGGTCCT 231. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TCTGGA reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CCACACGGAAGGCTGA 232. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 CCACG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3 on- GCGCAGAGAGAGCAGG 233. target ACGTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3 on- GCACCTCATGGAATCC 234. target CTTCTGC forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CAAGTGATGCGACTTC 235. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CAACCTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCCTCAGAGTTCAGCT 236. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAAAAAGACC forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- TGCTTCTCATCCACTC 237. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 TAGACTGCT reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CACCAACCAGCCATGT 238. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 GCCATG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CTGCCTGTGCTCCTCG 239. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 ATGGTG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- GGGTTCAAAGCTCATC 240. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TGCCCC forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- GCATGTGCCTTGAGAT 241. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TGCCTGG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- GACATTCAGAGAAGCG 242. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 ACCATGTGG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCATCTTCCCCTTTGG 243. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 CCCACAG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCCCAAAAGTGGCCAA 244. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GAGCCTGAG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- GTTCTCCAAAGGAAGA 245. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GAGGGGAATG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- GGTGCTGTGTCCTCAT 246. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GCATCC forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CGGCTTGCCTAGGGTC 247. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 GTTGAG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCTTCAGGGGCTCTTC 248. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAGGTC forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1 on- GGGAACTGGCAGGCAC 249. target CGAGG reverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1 on- GGGTGAGGCTGAAACA 250. target GTGACC forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1- GGGAGGATGTTGGTTT 251. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAGGGAACTG reverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1- TCCAATCACTACATGC 252. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CATTTTGAAGA forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1- CCACCCTCTTCCTTTG 253. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 ATCCTCCC reverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1- TCCTCCCTACTCCTTC 254. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 ACCCAGG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2 on- GAGTGCCTGACATGTG 255. target GGGAGAG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2 on- TCCAGCTAAAGCCTTT 256. target CCCACAC forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- GAACTCTCTGATGCAC 257. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 CTGAAGGCTG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- ACCGTATCAGTGTGAT 258. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GCATGTGGT forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- TGGGTTTAATCATGTG 259. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 TTCTGCACTATG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CCCATCTTCCATTCTG 260. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CCCTCCAC forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CAGCTAGTCCATTTGT 261. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TCTCAGACTGTG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- GGCCAACATTGTGAAA 262. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCCTGTCTC forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CCAGGGACCTGTGCTT 263. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 GGGTTC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CACCCCATGACCTGGC 264. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 ACAAGTG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- AAGTGTTCCTCAGAAT 265. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GCCAGCCC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CAGGAGTGCAGTTGTG 266. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 TTGGGAG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CTGATGAAGCACCAGA 267. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GAACCCACC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CACACCTGGCACCCAT 268. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 ATGGC forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- GATCCACACTGGTGAG 269. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 AAGCCTTAC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CTTCCCACACTCACAG 270. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAGATGTAGG

Refining the Specificity of SpCas9-HF1

Previously described methods such as truncated gRNA5 (Fu, Y. et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)) and the SpCas9-D1135E variant (Kleinstiver, B. P. et al., Nature 523, 481-485 (2015)) can partially reduce SpCas9 off-target effects, and the present inventors wondered whether these might be combined with SpCas9-HF1 to further improve its genome-wide specificity. Testing of SpCas9-HF1 with matched full-length and truncated sgRNAs targeted to four sites in the human cell-based EGFP disruption assay revealed that shortening sgRNA complementarity length substantially impaired on-target activities (FIG. 9). By contrast, SpCas9-HF1 with an additional D1135E mutation (a variant referred to herein as SpCas9-HF2) retained 70% or more activity of wild-type SpCas9 with six of eight sgRNAs tested using a human cell-based EGFP disruption assay (FIGS. 5a and 5b ). SpCas9-HF3 and SpCas9-HF4 variants were also created harboring L169A or Y450A mutations, respectively, at positions whose side chains mediated hydrophobic non-specific interactions with the target DNA on its PAM proximal end (Nishimasu, H. et al., Cell 156, 935-949 (2014); Jiang, F., et al., Science 348, 1477-1481 (2015)). SpCas9-HF3 and SpCas9-HF4 retained 70% or more of the activities observed with wild-type SpCas9 with the same six out of eight EGFP-targeted sgRNAs (FIGS. 5a and 5b ).

To determine whether SpCas9-HF2, -HF3, and -HF4 could reduce indel frequencies at two off-target sites (for the FANCF site 2 and VEGFA site 3 sgRNAs) that were resistant to SpCas9-HF1, further experiments were performed. For the FANCF site 2 off-target, which bears a single mismatch in the seed sequence of the protospacer, SpCas9-HF4 reduced indel mutation frequencies to near background level as judged by T7EI assay while also beneficially increasing on-target activity (FIG. 5c ), resulting in the greatest increase in specificity among the three variants (FIG. 5d ). For the VEGFA site 3 off-target site, which bears two protospacer mismatches (one in the seed sequence and one at the nucleotide most distal from the PAM sequence), SpCas9-HF2 showed the greatest reduction in indel formation while showing only modest effects on on-target mutation efficiency (FIG. 5c ), leading to the greatest increase in specificity among the three variants tested (FIG. 5d ). Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for reducing off-target effects that are resistant to SpCas9-HF1 by introducing additional mutations at other residues that mediate non-specific DNA contacts or that may alter PAM recognition.

To generalize the T7E1 assay findings described above that show SpCas9-HF4 and SpCas9-HF2 have improved discrimination relative to SpCas9-HF1 against off-targets of the FANCF site 2 and VEGFA site 3 sgRNAs, respectively, the genome-wide specificities of these variants were examined using GUIDE-seq. Using an RFLP assay, it was determined that SpCas9-HF4 and SpCas9-HF2 had similar on-target activities to SpCas9-HF1, as assayed by GUIDE-seq tag integration rates (FIG. 13A). When analyzing the GUIDE-seq data, no new off-target sites were identified for SpCas9-HF2 or SpCas9-HF4 (FIG. 13B). Compared to SpCas9-HF1, off-target activities at all sites were either rendered undetectable by GUIDE-seq or substantially decreased. Relative to SpCas9-HF1, SpCas9-HF4 had nearly 26-fold better specificity against the single FANCF site 2 off-target site that remained recalcitrant to the specificity improvements of SpCas9-HF1 (FIG. 13b ). SpCas9-HF2 had nearly 4-fold improved specificity relative to SpCas9-HF1 for the high-frequency VEGFA site 3 off-target, while also dramatically reducing (>38-fold) or eliminating GUIDE-seq detectable events at other low-frequency off-target sites. Of note, the genomic position of 3 of these low frequency sites identified for SpCas9-HF1 are adjacent to previously characterized background U2OS cell breakpoint hotspots. Collectively, these results suggest that the SpCas9-HF2 and SpCas9-HF4 variants can improve the genome-wide specificity of SpCas9-HF1.

SpCas9-HF1 robustly and consistently reduced off-target mutations when using sgRNAs designed against standard, non-repetitive target sequences. The two off-target sites that were most resistant to SpCas9-HF1 have only one and two mismatches in the protospacer. Together, these observations suggest that off-target mutations might be minimized to undetectable levels by using SpCas9-HF1 and targeting non-repetitive sequences that do not have closely related sites bearing one or two mismatches elsewhere in the genome (something that can be easily accomplished using existing publicly available software programs (Bae, S., et al, Bioinformatics 30, 1473-1475 (2014)). One parameter that users should keep in mind is that SpCas9-HF1 may not be compatible with the common practice of using a G at the 5′ end of the gRNA that is mismatched to the protospacer sequence. Testing of four sgRNAs bearing a 5′ G mismatched to its target site showed three of the four had diminished activities with SpCas9-HF1 compared to wild-type SpCas9 (FIG. 10), perhaps reflecting the ability of SpCas9-HF1 to better discriminate a partially matched site.

Further biochemical work can confirm or clarify the precise mechanism by which SpCas9-HF1 achieves its high genome-wide specificity. It does not appear that the four mutations introduced alter the stability or steady-state expression level of SpCas9 in the cell, because titration experiments with decreasing concentrations of expression plasmids suggested that wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 behaved comparably as their concentrations are lowered (FIG. 11). Instead, the simplest mechanistic explanation is that these mutations decreased the energetics of interaction between the Cas9-sgRNA and the target DNA, with the energy of the complex at a level just sufficient to retain on-target activity but lowered it enough to make off-target site cleavage inefficient or non-existent. This mechanism is consistent with the non-specific interactions observed between the residues mutated and the target DNA phosphate backbone in structural data (Nishimasu, H. et al., Cell 156, 935-949 (2014); Anders, C et. Al., Nature 513, 569-573 (2014)). A somewhat similar mechanism has been proposed to explain the increased specificities of transcription activator-like effector nucleases bearing substitutions at positively charged residues (Guilinger, J. P. et al., Nat Methods 11, 429-435 (2014)).

It was possible that SpCas9-HF1 might also be combined with other mutations that have been shown to alter Cas9 function. For example, an SpCas9 mutant bearing three amino acid substitutions (Dl 135V/R1335Q/T1337R, also known as the SpCas9-VQR variant), recognizes sites with NGAN PAMs (with relative efficiencies for NGAG>NGAT=NGAA>NGAC) (Kleinstiver, B. P. et al, Nature 523, 481-485 (2015)) and a recently identified quadruple SpCas9 mutant (D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R, referred to as the SpCas9-VRQR variant) has improved activities relative to the VQR variant on sites with NGAH (H=A, C, or T) PAMs (FIG. 12a ). Introduction of the four mutations (N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) from SpCas9-HF1 into SpCas9-VQR and SpCas9-VRQR created SpCas9-VQR-HF1 and SpCas9-VRQR-HF1, respectively. Both HF versions of these nucleases showed on-target activities comparable (i.e., 70% or more) to their non-HF counterparts with five of eight sgRNAs targeted to the EGFP reporter gene and with seven of eight sgRNAs targeted to endogenous human gene sites (FIGS. 12b-12d ).

More broadly, these results illuminate a general strategy for the engineering of additional high-fidelity variants of CRISPR-associated nucleases. Adding additional mutations at non-specific DNA contacting residues further reduced some of the very small number of residual off-target sites that persist with SpCas9-HF1. Thus, variants such as SpCas9-HF2, SpCas9-HF3, SpCas9-HF4, and others can be utilized in a customized fashion depending on the nature of the off-target sequences. Furthermore, success with engineering high-fidelity variants of SpCas9 suggests that the approach of mutating non-specific DNA contacts can be extended to other naturally occurring and engineered Cas9 orthologues (Ran, F. A. et al., Nature 520, 186-191 (2015), Esvelt, K. M. et al., Nat Methods 10, 1116-1121 (2013); Hou, Z. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2013); Fonfara, I. et al., Nucleic Acids Res 42, 2577-2590 (2014); Kleinstiver, B. P. et al, Nat Biotechnol (2015).as well as newer CRISPR-associated nucleases (Zetsche, B. et al., Cell 163, 759-771 (2015); Shmakov, S. et al., Molecular Cell 60, 385-397). that are being discovered and characterized with increasing frequency.

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Sequences SEQ ID NO: 271- JDS246: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA CGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 272- VP12: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF1 (N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAA+32TTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA CGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 273- MSP2135: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF2 (N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135E)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgagAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA CGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 274- MSP2133: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF4 (Y450A, N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTgccTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA CGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 275- MSP469: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR(D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAP+32TTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA cagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 276- MSP2440: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR-HF1 (N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAP+32TTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA cagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 277- BPK2797: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR (D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAACGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCagaGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA cagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 278- MSP2443: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR-HF1 (N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG Human codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modified codons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold: ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGAT GAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAAT CTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGG AGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAA GTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGG CACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTC AGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATG ATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTG TTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGAT GCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCC GGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAG TCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGAC AATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCA ATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATC AAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGT CAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTA AAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATC CACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCT CGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGAT AAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAA GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTAT GTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTA TTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTC GATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTA AAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTG ACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGAC GATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATC AACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTT TCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGC ATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATT GTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAA TTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTG GACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCA ATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAA GTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTC GATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAG CTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATAC GACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTC AGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTT AATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGAT TACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAA TACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGC AAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCG ACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGG TTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGAC CCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCT TTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAP+32TTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATT AAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCagaGAG CTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTAC GAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTAT CTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGAC AAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCAT TTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAA cagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAA ACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGAC TACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 279- BPK1520: U6-BsmBIcassette-Sp-sgRNA U6 promoter in normal font, BsmBI sites italicised, S. pyogenes sgRNA in lower case, U6 terminator double underlined: TGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTTAAAGGAACCAATTCAGTCGACTGGATCCGGTACCAAGGTCGGGCAGGAA GAGGGCCTATTTCCCATGATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTAGAGAGATAATTAGA ATTAATTTGACTGTAAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAAAATACGTGACGTAGAAAGTAATAATTTCTTGGG TAGTTTGCAGTTTTAAAATTATGTTTTAAAATGGACTATCATATGCTTACCGTAACTTGAAAGTATTTC GATTTCTTGGCTTTATATATCTTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACCG

ATTAATG

Cgtttta gagctagaaatagcaagttaaaataaggctagtccgttatcaacttgaaaaagtggcaccgagtcggtg cttttttt

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

1-30. (canceled)
 31. An isolated Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) protein that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, with mutations at one or both of Q695 and Q926, and wherein the protein retains the ability to interact with a guide RNA and target DNA.
 32. The isolated protein of claim 31, wherein the SpCas9 protein is fused to one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag.
 33. The isolated protein of claim 31, comprising all four of the following mutations: N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A.
 34. The isolated protein of claim 33, further comprising mutations at one, two, three, four, or all five of L169, Y450, N497, R661, and D1135.
 35. The isolated protein of claim 31, comprising mutations at one or both of Q695 and Q926, and optionally one, two, three, four, or all five of L169, Y450, N497, R661, and D1135.
 36. The isolated protein of claim 31, further comprising one or more of the following mutations: D1135E; D1135V; D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R (VQR variant); D1135E/R1335Q/T1337R (EQR variant); D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R (VRQR variant); or D1135V/G1218R/R1335E/T1337R (VRER variant).
 37. The isolated protein of claim 31, further comprising one or more mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the group consisting of mutations at D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986; and at H840 or N863.
 38. The isolated protein of claim 37, wherein the mutations that decrease nuclease activity are: (i) D10A or D10N, and (ii) H840A, H840N, or H840Y.
 39. A fusion protein comprising the isolated protein of claim 31, fused to a heterologous functional domain, with an optional intervening linker, wherein the linker does not interfere with activity of the fusion protein.
 40. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptional activation domain.
 41. The fusion protein of claim 40, wherein the transcriptional activation domain is from VP64 or NF-κB p65.
 42. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptional silencer or transcriptional repression domain.
 43. The fusion protein of claim 42, wherein the transcriptional repression domain is a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, ERF repressor domain (ERD), or mSin3A interaction domain (SID).
 44. The fusion protein of claim 42, wherein the transcriptional silencer is Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1).
 45. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is an enzyme that modifies the methylation state of DNA.
 46. The fusion protein of claim 45, wherein the enzyme that modifies the methylation state of DNA is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or a TET protein.
 47. The fusion protein of claim 46, wherein the TET protein is TET1.
 48. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is an enzyme that modifies a histone subunit.
 49. The fusion protein of claim 48, wherein the enzyme that modifies a histone subunit is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT), or histone demethylase.
 50. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is a biological tether.
 51. The fusion protein of claim 50, wherein the biological tether is MS2, Csy4 or lambda N protein.
 52. The fusion protein of claim 39, wherein the heterologous functional domain is FokI.
 53. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the protein of claim
 31. 54. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid of claim
 53. 55. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 54. 56. A method of altering the genome of a cell, the method comprising expressing in the cell or contacting the cell with the isolated protein of claim 31, linked to a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the genome of the cell, whereby the genome of the cell is altered.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the isolated protein comprises one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag.
 58. A method of altering a double stranded DNA D (dsDNA) molecule, the method comprising contacting the dsDNA molecule with the isolated protein of claim 31, linked to a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the dsDNA molecule, whereby the dsDNA molecule is altered.
 59. A method of altering the genome of a cell, the method comprising contacting the dsDNA molecule with the fusion protein of claim 39, linked to a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the dsDNA molecule, whereby the genome of the cell is altered.
 60. A method of altering a double stranded DNA D (dsDNA) molecule, the method comprising contacting the dsDNA molecule with the fusion protein of claim 39, linked to a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of the dsDNA molecule, whereby the dsDNA molecule is altered. 